Tahir Pasha (governor)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Tahir Pasha (Mosul))
Tahir Pasha Bibezić
Personal details
Born1848 (1848)
Krajë, Vilayet of Shkodër, Ottoman Empire
Died1913 (aged 64–65)
Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
Parent
  • Kadi Haci Ali Efendi Bibezić [1] (father)
Military service
AllegianceOttoman Army
RankMirliva

Tahir Pasha Bibezić or Tahir Pasha Belbez [2](Albanian: Tahir Pashë Krajani, died 1913[3]) was an Ottoman Brigadier General (mirliva) who originated from the region of Krajë, now in modern Montenegro and he was an Albanian.[4] He served as governor of Van, Bitlis and Mosul. [5][6]

Early Life[edit]

Tahir Pasha was born into a family from Podgorica, the son of Haci Ali Efendi Bibezić (in Turkish known as Belbez). [7]

Career[edit]

He started his career in 1868 in his hometown Podgorica as a prominent Ottoman official in the Chamber of the City (Podgoriçe Kazası Tahrirat odasi) and become secretary of the Podgorica Land Registry (Podgoriçe Tapu Kitabeti) in 1872.[8] After the major changes occurring in the Ottoman Empire, such as the Great Eastern Crisis and Montenegro's independence in 1878, he was expelled from Podgorica to Shkodra Province. However, as a bureaucrat who already had experience with Ottoman administration in Podgorica, he was immediately appointed chief secretary of Scutari province. In 1880, following his temporary service as chief secretary in Thessaloniki (Selânîk Mektûbçuluğu), he was transferred to several locations in Bitlis, Mosul, and Van (1898-1906), briefly in Trabzon (1907) and then again in Bitlis (1907-08), Erzurum (1908-10), and Mosul (1910-12).[9] Tahir Pasha was a key frontier actor (serhad memurları), and became a significant policy implementer, usually for the Palace. He was often asked to mediate and investigate local disputes. His personal experience of governance, which spanned thirty-three years in the eastern provinces, was no doubt central to his reputation as someone capable of restoring public order and calming social unrest. Tahir Pasha was committed to the bureaucratic spirit, and was thus appointed as a commission chairman for the Ottoman-Iranian Border Commission (1905-08).[10] This dispute escalated in 1905, when Iran supported some tribal chiefs in the frontier zone who willingly interfered in the affairs of the pro-Ottoman tribes living in Urumiah. Tahir Pasha was ordered to resolve this conflict on the border.[11] In a pamphlet, he criticized the Ottoman centralization efforts toward Kurdish tribes as a failure that opened up space for Iranian interference in the region.[12] In 1908, when the Young Turk Revolution broke out, the new government established by the Community of Union and Progress (CUP) suggested that they found it unnecessary to alert Ottoman troops regarding the status quo line with Iran, due to the critical financial situation. Although this issue remained unresolved for several years, this example shows an ascendant local who emerged from the Ottoman-Montenegrin borderland and became a mobile subject at the Ottoman-Iranian border, thereby illustrating the agency of migrants who shaped Ottoman policy. Scholars have often failed to consider the mobility of transregional biographies within the Ottoman Empire and its lost territories, although multiple examples connect vastly different (post) Ottoman regions and communities.

Another good example for this trans-regional mobilization was Tahir Pasha's first son, Cevdet Bey, who emerged in the confused post-Berlin regime (after 1878) adapting to the new conditions of the time. Importantly, he distrusted the Hamidian regime, joined the CUP, and participated in the Young Turk movement. As such, he became governor (mutasarrif) of Jerusalem (1911-12)[13] and district governor (kaymakam) of Nevrokop (today Gotse Delchev in Bulgaria). In these positions as governor, he witnessed ethnic tension and conflict from Jerusalem to the Balkans. After the Balkan wars (1912-13), fear grew among CUP members that they might lose Arab provinces as well as Ottoman Anatolia, hence the violence beginning in 1914 exerted by the Ottoman government against its subjects in six vilayets (vilayet-i sitte) known as Ottoman Armenia.[14] During this disordered period, Cevdet Bey served as the governor of Van, having succeeded Hasan Tahsin Üzer in 1914.[15] His experiences in Jerusalem and the bloody Balkan wars turned him away from a logic of cooperation with heterogeneous groups, and transformed the Ottoman space into a zone of violence in the Great War. The last decade of the Ottoman Empire was a period in which practices of negotiation with locals were forgotten, and nuances were no longer tolerated.[16] During this period of political turmoil, the Ottoman administrative goal became the extradition of people, even though they had a strong Ottoman link in the past. Cevdet Bey and his brother-in-law Enver Pasha (Minister of War since 4 January 1914 and de facto Commander in Chief)[17] bear responsibility for the massacres of the Armenians (1915) through the Deportation Law issued on 27 May 1915. The Special Organization (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa) played a key role in the massacres against non-Muslim population, which was directed by Eşref Kuşçubaşı's group that included a migrant from Montenegro named Ömer.[18]

In addition to the political links between the Bibezić family and the central government, Tahir Pasha's nephews (Mustafa Nuri and Haydar Hilmi Vaner) also emerged as extensions of vast family networks in the general administrative development of empire. They both started working with their well-connected uncle, notably on projects that explicitly tied the Ottoman peripheries to the central government and global world. Mustafa Nuri worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti) as an important intermediary between Ottoman institutions and exploitative projects of foreign capital. Accordingly, the aforementioned muhacirler used their opportunities and capacities to penetrate into the heart of the Ottoman bureaucracy and establish connections with the larger world. As demonstrated, the regions of Montenegro provided the Ottoman bureaucracy with dozens of such examples, including 'liberal' reformers such as Cevdet Bey, Mustafa Nuri and Haydar Hilmi Vaner. The rise of the CUP gave new impetus to these 'liberals, who advocated state centralization modeled on European states, and promoted a break-up of the 'conservative elite.' According to the Austro-Hungarian consul in Mitrovica, one such personality was Vaner, who was 'acting as a Young Turk or as an Albanian.'[19] He was born in Podgorica in 1875[20] and joined the Ottoman administration in the Van vilayet (1889) at a very young age. His positions as district governor of Mitrovica and Köprulu in Ottoman Macedonia provided him with several possibilities to promote liberal ideas within the Young Turk movement.[21] Together with CUP members Müsir Kazim Pasha and Haci Adil Bey (Minister of the Interior/Internal Affairs Minister), he joined Sultan Reshid on his tour of Rumelia between 5-26 June 1911. During the Sultan's visits to several cities (Thessaloniki, Skopje, Prizren, Prishtina, Bitola), he served as the primary translator from Ottoman Turkish into Albanian.[22] Vaner was also known to have maintained contacts with members of his family in Scutari vilayet, thanks to which he calmed the revolts in the Malësia region in 1911.[23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina, eds. (2023). Population displacements and multiple mobilities in the late Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire and its heritage : politics, society and economy. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-54368-3.
  2. ^ Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina, eds. (2023). Population displacements and multiple mobilities in the late Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire and its heritage : politics, society and economy. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-54368-3.
  3. ^ Sukran Vahide (16 February 2012). Islam in Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8297-1.
  4. ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. p. 83. ISBN 9781845112875.
  5. ^ Warfield, William (1916). The gate of Asia; a journey from the Persian gulf to the Black Sea. New York Public Library. New York, London, G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  6. ^ Vahide, Sukran (2012-02-16). Islam in Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8297-1.
  7. ^ DOHMAN, Ümmügülsüm; KARAVİN YÜCE, Harika (2022-10-29). "Türkçe, Rusça ve İngilizce Deyimlerde "Zaman" Konsepti". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (31): 243–254. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1126598. ISSN 2147-5717.
  8. ^ DOHMAN, Ümmügülsüm; KARAVİN YÜCE, Harika (2022-10-29). "Türkçe, Rusça ve İngilizce Deyimlerde "Zaman" Konsepti". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (31): 243–254. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1126598. ISSN 2147-5717.
  9. ^ DOHMAN, Ümmügülsüm; KARAVİN YÜCE, Harika (2022-10-29). "Türkçe, Rusça ve İngilizce Deyimlerde "Zaman" Konsepti". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (31): 243–254. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1126598. ISSN 2147-5717.
  10. ^ DOHMAN, Ümmügülsüm; KARAVİN YÜCE, Harika (2022-10-29). "Türkçe, Rusça ve İngilizce Deyimlerde "Zaman" Konsepti". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (31): 243–254. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1126598. ISSN 2147-5717.
  11. ^ Ateş, Sabri (2013-10-21). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-52249-6.
  12. ^ Ateş, Sabri (2013-10-21). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-52249-6.
  13. ^ Büssow, Johann (2011-08-11). Hamidian Palestine. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20569-7.
  14. ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Öktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus (2015). World War I and the End of the Ottomans. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-7556-0909-3.
  15. ^ "<sc>Ömer kürkçÜoĞlu</sc>. <italic>Türk-İngiliz İlişkileri (1919–1926</italic>) [Turkish-English Relations, 1919–26]. (Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Yayinlari, number 412.) Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Basimevi. 1978. Pp. 350. 40 TL". The American Historical Review. 1979-06. doi:10.1086/ahr/84.3.818. ISSN 1937-5239. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Öktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus (2015). World War I and the End of the Ottomans. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-7556-0909-3.
  17. ^ KARAKUŞ, Sadık Emre (2023-07-31). "ENVER PAŞA'NIN TABUR MEKTEPLERİ DENEMESİ". Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 7 (2): 357–373. doi:10.30692/sisad.1311443. ISSN 2587-2621.
  18. ^ Çiçek, Talha (2017-08-21). "Benjamin C. Fortna. The Circassian: A Life of Eşref Bey, Late Ottoman Insurgent and Special Agent". Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi. doi:10.20519/divan.335631. ISSN 1309-6834.
  19. ^ "Barrett, Edwin Cyril Geddes, (15 Feb. 1909–8 Feb. 1986)", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2024-05-09
  20. ^ DOHMAN, Ümmügülsüm; KARAVİN YÜCE, Harika (2022-10-29). "Türkçe, Rusça ve İngilizce Deyimlerde "Zaman" Konsepti". Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (31): 243–254. doi:10.54600/igdirsosbilder.1126598. ISSN 2147-5717.
  21. ^ "Rampal Singh, Raja, (7 Aug. 1867–20 March 1909), Fellow of the Allahabad University; Taluqdar of Kori Sadauli; Dh. Rai Bareli", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 2007-12-01, retrieved 2024-05-09
  22. ^ Ferko, Beria Kafali (2022-01-30). "Isa Boletini (1864-1916): An Ottoman Albanian Figure of Twists and Turns". Journal of Balkan Studies. 2 (1): 27–49. doi:10.51331/a17. ISSN 2671-3675.
  23. ^ "The Inventor's Department". Scientific American. 105 (8): 173–180. 1911-08-19. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08191911-173. ISSN 0036-8733.

Further reading[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahir_Pasha_(governor)&oldid=1223084647"