Bread and circuses
"Bread and circuses" (or bread and games; from Latin: panem et circenses) is a metonymic phrase referring to superficial appeasement. It is attributed to Juvenal (Satires, Satire X), a Roman poet active in the late first and early second century AD, and is used commonly in cultural, particularly political, contexts.
In a political context, the phrase means to generate public approval, not by excellence in public service or public policy, but by diversion, distraction, or by satisfying the most immediate or base requirements of a populace,[1] by offering a palliative: for example food (bread) or entertainment (circuses).
Physical performances are a multi-sensory phenomenon where the synesthetic potential of the dancer’s body generates a magnetism that stimulates individual subjectivities while projecting or subverting the common ground of historically and culturally defined realities. A significant number of texts refer to dealing with Roman dance in the setting of the convivium, which is a banquet, feast or gathering. The sensory potential of the impressions a Roman could expect to enjoy at one of these banquets has been described as deeply affective, coercive, and able to penetrate the sensory lines of the attendants. Roman authors encouraged specific forms of spectatorship telling their readers how to think and feel. In the sphere of the Roman banquet, feasting and festivity are an experience and part of a complex design of patronage, hospitality and social relations. (Schlapback, 2022)
Juvenal originally used it to decry the "selfishness" of common people and their neglect of wider concerns.[2][3][4] The phrase implies a population's erosion or ignorance of civic duty as a priority.[5]
Ancient Rome[edit]
This phrase originates from Rome in Satire X of the Roman satirical poet Juvenal (c. 100 AD). In context, the Latin panem et circenses (bread and circuses) identifies the only remaining interest of a Roman populace that no longer cares for its historical birthright of political involvement. Here Juvenal displays his contempt for the declining heroism of contemporary Romans, using a range of different themes, including lust for power and desire for old age to illustrate his argument.[6]
[...] iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli / vendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim / imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se / continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat, / panem et circenses. [...] |
... Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time handed out military command, high civil office, legions — everything, now restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: bread and circuses.[7] |
| —Juvenal, Satire 10.77–81 |
Juvenal here makes reference to the Roman practice of providing free wheat to Roman citizens as well as costly circus games and other forms of entertainment as a means of gaining political power. The Annona (grain dole) was begun under the instigation of the aristocratic popularis politician Gaius Sempronius Gracchus in 123 BC; it remained an object of political contention until it was taken under the control of the autocratic Roman emperors.
See also[edit]
- Amusing Ourselves to Death – 1985 book by Neil Postman
- Battle Royale – 2000 Japanese film by Kinji Fukasaku
- Brave New World – 1932 dystopian science fiction novel by Aldous Huxley
- "Bread and Circuses" (Star Trek: The Original Series), a 1968 episode of Star Trek
- Bread and roses – Slogan
- Colosseum – Ancient Roman amphitheatre, a landmark of Rome, Italy
- Cura Annonae – Import and distribution of grain in Rome and Constantinople
- Fahrenheit 451 – 1953 dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury
- Idiocracy – 2006 film by Mike Judge
- Idiot/idiocy (Athenian democracy) – Person of low intelligence
- Instrumentum regni – Exploitation of religion by State or ecclesiastical polity as a means of controlling the masses
- List of Latin phrases
- Panem, the setting of the young adult book series The Hunger Games and its film adaptations
- Prolefeed, fictional language in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four
- Plebs – General body of free Roman citizens
- Theatre state - ritual entertainment as the pre-eminent element in a political system
- Yumin zhengce – Chinese political science concept
Notes[edit]
- ^ "Definition of BREAD AND CIRCUSES". www.merriam-webster.com. October 2023.
- ^ Juvenal's literary and cultural influence (Book IV: Satire 10.81)
- ^ "American Heritage Dictionary: to placate or distract". Yahoo. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05.
- ^ Infoplease Dictionary as pacification or diversion.
- ^ "Bread, circuses and our disappearing city". Newcastle Herald. Newcastle NSW Australia. 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-01-09. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
- ^ Hirsch, Kett, & Trefil (1993). The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Houghton Mifflin.
- ^ By J. P. Toner full quote at p.69. For us in the modern world, leisure is secondary to work, but in ancient Rome leisure was central to social life] and an integral part of its history.
Sources[edit]
- Potter, D. and D. Mattingly, Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor (1999).
- Rickman, G., The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome Oxford (1980).
- Schlapbach, K. (2022). Aspects of Roman Dance Culture: Religious Cults, Theatrical Entertainments, Metaphorical Appropriations.
Further reading[edit]
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