This is a list of government or academic case studies on individual tornadoes or tornado outbreaks. Large scientific studies, like Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events by Thomas P. Grazulis[1][2], are not included on this list, since case studies specifically focus on a single event or handful of events.[3][4]
Between 1839 and 1841, a detailed survey of damage path of significant tornado that struck New Brunswick, New Jersey on 19 June 1835, which was the deadliest tornado in New Jersey history, occurred. The path was surveyed by many scientists on account of its location between New York City and Philadelphia, including early tornado theorists James Pollard Espy and William Charles Redfield. Scientists disagreed whether there was whirling, convergent, or rotational motion. A conclusion that remains accurate today is that the most intense damage tends to be on right side of a tornado (with respect to direction of forward movement), which was found to be generally easterly).[7][8]
The first in India and earliest known scientific survey of a tornado that analyzed structure and dynamics was published in 1865 by Indian scientist Chunder Sikur Chatterjee. The path damage survey of a tornado that occurred at Pundooah (now Pandua), Hugli district, West Bengal, India, was documented on maps and revealed multiple vortices, the tornadocyclone, and direction of rotation,[10] predating work by John Park Finley, Alfred Wegener, Johannes Letzmann, and Ted Fujita.
Lieutenant Jno. P. Finley in the United States Army Signal Corps, under official orders from the United States military, wrote a case study on tornado outbreak which occurred between September 12-18, 1886. Finley studied 26 tornadoes which occurred during the outbreak.[11][1]
The United States Weather Bureau (USWB) conducted a short case study on the tornado outbreak, tracking each of the 18 tornadoes that occurred during the outbreak.[13][1]
1895 Cherry Hill tornado
F?
E. H. Emery, H. Goucher
Meteorologists at the United States Weather Bureau conducted a case study on a tornado which struck Cherry Hill, New Jersey on July 13, 1895. The case study included a damage survey and meteorological analysis of the storm.[14]
1895 Woodhaven tornado
F?
E. H. Emery, H. Goucher
Meteorologists at the United States Weather Bureau conducted a case study on a tornado which struck Woodhaven, Long Island, New York, on July 13, 1895. The case study included a damage survey and meteorological analysis of the storm. The case study also mentioned an "investigating committee" surveyed the tornado's damage.[14]
A case study on specifically on the 1945 Montgomery tornado. In the study, Floyd C. Pate described the tornado as "the most officially observed one in history", as it passed 2 miles (3.2 km) away from four different government weather stations, including the United States Weather Bureau office in Montgomery.[15]
In September 1958, E.P. Segner Jr. published a case study on the 1957 Dallas tornado. In the analysis, Senger estimated that the tornado had winds at least up to 302 mph (486 km/h), due to the obliteration of a large billboard.[16]
A detailed damage survey and analysis for the EF5 tornado which was published by Timothy P. Marshall with Haag Engineering, Karl A. Jungbluth with the National Weather Service, and Abigail Baca with RMS Consulting Group, through the American Meteorological Society.[19]
A detailed damage survey and analysis of part of the tornado's track, focusing mainly on Mayfield, Kentucky published by Timothy Marshall, a meteorologist, structural and forensic engineer; Zachary B. Wienhoff, with Haag Engineering Company; Christine L. Wielgos, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Paducah; and Brian E. Smith, a meteorologist at the National Weather Service of Omaha. In their conclusion, the researchers state, “the tornado damage rating might have been higher had more wind resistant structures been encountered. Also, the fast forward speed of the tornado had little ‘dwell’ time of strong winds over a building and thus, the damage likely would have been more severe if the tornado were slower.”[24]
^ abcdGrazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN1-879362-03-1.
^Bromley, D. B. (1986). The case-study method in psychology and related disciplines. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN0-471-90853-3. OCLC12235475.
^Feagin, Joe R.; Orum, Anthony M.; Sjoberg, Gideon (1991). A Case for the case study. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN0-8078-1973-5. OCLC22909879.
^De, S.; A. K. Sahai (2019). "Was the earliest documented account of tornado dynamics published by an Indian scientist in an Indian journal?". Weather. 75 (4): 120–123. doi:10.1002/wea.3485. S2CID149888981.