Old Lombard language
| Old Lombard | |
|---|---|
| Native to | |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 Map of the Gallo-Italic languages in 1300. | |
Old Lombard (Lombard: Lombard antigh (Milanese orthography)) is a Gallo-Italic language and the earliest form of Lombard (spoken in northern Italy, southwestern Switzerland, and Santa Catarina in Brazil). It was spoken in the 13th to 14th centuries and was closely related to Old Piedmontese, being both considered in the proposed Lombard-Piedmontese language grouping. Other languages similar include Old Venetian and Old Ligurian.
Orthography[edit]
Most early languages in northern Italy at the time were written in the Lombard koiné, which was a writing system that also included Old Lombard.
Grammar[edit]
Final -i may possibly be attributed to masculine plural -i, like in the word zinqui (five). This is shown in other languages, like Old Ligurian seti and Old Umbrian nuovi.[2] Old Lombard also doesn't have obligatory enclisis in a context where a word is used after a coordinating conjuction.[3] Inflectional -s had survived in verb forms, too.[4][5] The Latin suffixes mente and *-(i)ter would merge and become Old Lombard -mentre, -menter.[6]
Literature[edit]
Until the 13th century, the majority of writers in the north of Italy wrote in Old Occitan, thus these were called troubadours. In between 1264 and 1274, Pietro da Barsegape wrote Sermon divin (Divine Sermon), one of the first texts in Old Lombard. Around the same time, in 1274, Bonvesin da la Riva wrote his Liber di Tre Scricciur (Book of the Three Scriptures), which is divided into three books, the Scricciura Negra (Black Scripture), the Scricciura Rossa (Red Scripture), and the Scricciura Dorada (Golden Scripture). Mayor gremeza was a document found in 1980 which was written by Bortolino Benolchini in 10 May 1355, which was the first manuscript written in Eastern Lombard. Other poets include Gherardo Patecchio, Uguccione da Lodi and Salimbene de Adam, while some anonymous works include Lodigian Legend of San Bassiano.
Sample text[edit]
Liber di Tre Scricciur
In nom de Jesu Criste e de Santa Maria
Quest'ovra al so onor acomenzadha sia:
Ki vol odir cuintar parol de baronia,
Sì olza e sì intenda per soa cortesia.
Odir e no intende negata zovarave
E ki ben intendesse anc negata farave
Ki no metess in ovra so k'el intenderave:
O l'om no mett lo cor e l'ingegn nient vare.
In questo nostro libro da tre guis è scrigiura:
La prima sì è negra e è de grand pagura
La segonda è rossa, la terza è bella e pura
Pur lavoradha a oro ke dis de grand dolzura.
English translation:
Book of the Three Scriptures
In the name of Jesus Christ, and Saint Mary
This work began in their honor:
Who wants to hear a valuable speech,
Please listen and understand.
Listening and not understanding would do no good,
And whoever understood well would still conclude nothing,
If he does not put into practice what he has understood:
What you don't put your heart and ingenuity into has no value.
In this book we deal with three types of writing:
The first is black and instills great fear
The second is red, the third is beautiful and pure,
Also worked with gold, so much so that you would say it is of great refinement.
References[edit]
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Piemontese-Lombard". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-29. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
- ^ Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (2011-06-03). Indo-European Numerals. Walter de Gruyter. p. 453. ISBN 978-3-11-085846-4.
- ^ Zanuttini, Raffaella; Campos, Héctor; Herburger, Elena; Portner, Paul H. (2006-05-19). Crosslinguistic Research in Syntax and Semantics: Negation, Tense, and Clausal Architecture. Georgetown University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-58901-305-6.
- ^ Maiden, Martin (1996). "On the Romance Inflectional Endings -i and -e". Romance Philology. 50 (2). ISSN 0035-8002.
- ^ Ahlqvist, Anders (1982-01-01). Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Galway, April 6–10 1981. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-8069-5.
- ^ Karlsson, Keith E. (2015-08-31). Syntax and affixation: The evolution of "mente" in Latin and Romance. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 134. ISBN 978-3-11-132901-7.
External links[edit]
- Bovegno's manuscript of Mayor gremeza
- Liber di Tre Scricciur in Wikisource
- Full archived version of Sermon divin
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