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"Levels"
Single by Sidhu Moose Wala, Sunny Malton
LanguagePunjabi and English
Released25 May 2022 (2022-05-25)
GenreHip hop
Length4:56
LabelSidhu Moose Wala
Songwriter(s)Sidhu Moose Wala, Sunny Malton
Producer(s)The Kidd
Sidhu Moose Wala, Sunny Malton singles chronology
"The Last Ride"
(2022) 		"Levels"
(2022) 		"SYL"
(2022)
Music video
"Levels" on YouTube

"Levels" is a song written and sung by singer Sidhu Moose Wala. The song was released on Youtube just under four days before his death on 25 May 2022. The song's beat was made by The Kidd, and written by Sidhu Moose Wala along with Sunny Malton. It was a diss track against Karan Aujla, Nseeb and Prem Dhillon, and it could be considered as Sidhu Moose Wala's version of 'Hit Em Up', by Tupac Shakur, who Sidhu Moose Wala considered as his idol in the music industry.

Lyrical content[edit]

The song starts with a famous speech of Mike Tyson where he talks about boxing, although in context it refers to Sidhu's words through descriptions of 'ripping hearts out' and being the greatest like Alexander. While the recording is playing Sidhu Moose Wala is seen making gang signs and standing with his two doberman dogs and with a fiat with the back two seats overflowing with dollar bills. Next the singing starts and a idol is unwrapped with a 'middle finger' standing up. He taunts Nseeb calling him, "Broke as [explicit], and seeking pensions for a lifetime using my name, they cry like Jananis [transgenders], begging for my attention" due to their rivalry. This was Sidhu Moose Wala's second response to Nseeb's fifth taunt. The controversy started when two years after Old Skool (song) released, Nseeb demanded payment when it was an unpaid collaboration, afterwards he sent a instagram taunt and later a diss track on Sidhu Moose Wala named 'One Way Ticket', and when Sidhu Moose Wala lost the Mansa elections he again taunted him which was when Moose Wala replied by giving one verse in 'Scapegoat.' He posted two Instagram stories on the topic which is what prompted Moose Wala to diss him.

He then goes on to target all of his rivals like Karan Aujla, Prem Dhillon and Nseeb, in his chorus, saying that, "Whoever is comparing themselves with me, remember that I am on another level." A statue of Alexander the Great is shown, possibly as a metaphor of stregnth and an affect on Mike Tyson's speech. Sunny Malton in the background says, "Theres levels to this [explicit], gun up on my hip, theres levels to this [explicit]." Next he goes on to target Prem Dhillon, whose reason for rivalry is unknown. He said that, "Those who call themselves the Jatts of Majha [meaning Prem Dhillon who wrote the song 'Majha Block' under Sidhu's brand name], keep trying to copy Yakkean [Canadian Punjabis]." He says that the people who he was in a rivalry with forgot who brought them into the industry, although till they are nothing compared to a devil like me. The chorus is repreated.

Commercial performance[edit]

Within one hour of release, song gained more than four million views on YouTube.

"SYL" debuted at number 81 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and by tallies it was going to reach at least 400 million views, although it was banned in India before.

Charts[edit]

Weekly chart performance for "SYL"
Chart (2022) Peak

position

Australia (ARIA) 81
Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 27
Global Excl. US (Billboard) 200
India (Billboard) 3
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ) 13
UK Asian (Official Charts Company) 1

Credits and personnel[edit][edit]

  • Singer/Lyrics/Composer - Sidhu Moose Wala
  • Rap/Lyrics - Sunny Malton
  • Music - The Kidd
  • Director/Editor/Dop - Nav Dhiman Assit.Director - Jaskaran Singh
  • CGI - Vishal Chaudhary
  • Mix & Master - Dense
  • Sunny Malton Part Shoot - Jyothi Tatter Gaffer - John
  • Production - Monty






"Panjab (My Motherland)"
Single by Sidhu Moose Wala
LanguagePunjabi
Released26 December 2020 (2020-12-26)
GenreHip hop
Length3:26
LabelSidhu Moose Wala
Songwriter(s)Sidhu Moose Wala
Producer(s)The Kidd
Sidhu Moose Wala singles chronology
"Majha Block"
(2020) 		"Panjab (My Motherland)"
(2020) 		"Just a Dream"
(2021)
Music video
"Panjab (My Motherland)" on YouTube

"SYL" is a song written and sung by singer Sidhu Moose Wala. The song was released on Youtube just under three weeks after his death on 23 June 2022. The song was produced by Mxrci, and written by Sidhu Moose Wala, he had apparently wanted it to be released on 5 June, a day before the anniversary of Operation Blue Star.[1]

Lyrical content[edit]

In the song, Sidhu Moose Wala sings about Sikh history, the defiance of the Sikh psyche and martial values instilled in the Sikhs. He makes lots of hints towards the Khalistan Movement and his support to the same, which was confirmed later.

The song starts off with a Nihang Singh and his horse both standing with each other, a representation of the unity between Sikhism and warriordom. In the video a book comes under the light with scattered and piled pictures which include the Battle of Delhi, Maharaja Ranjit Singh's court and the Sarbat Khalsa of 1986 where Khalistan was officially declared. The speech recording played in the background is of famous Sikh leader Sardar Bharpur Singh Balbir who's speech in the Manji Sahib was very famous, many Gurdwaras still play the speech on loudspeaker in Punjab during Nagar Kirtans and other events. Bharpur Singh Balbir says, "Why should we not discuss about domain? We do not want to be reduced to a mere rosary-holding Pujari [priest] in Hindustan. The truth was already spoken by the emancipator of the lowly [Guru Gobind Singh], 'Sovereignty is established through the use of arms, without sovereignty there is no justice and righteousness, and without righteousness everything is lost and futile [quoted from Gurbilas Padshahi Dasvin]. Jo Bole So Nihal, Sat Sri Akal! [Sikh war cry meaning 'Shout loud in ecstaticity, the timeless one is truth']."

Afterwards a recording is played with Hazuri Singhs raising swords, a Hola Mohalla procession and a video of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale walking in the Darbar Sahib is shows with his face cut out of the frame, his sword and bullets being in focus. Sidhu then sings, "Just like the arrow in the hands of the saint [Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, representing defiance], you cannot pin us down unlike what you did from Kashmir to Lanka." The video shows Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale with a metal arrow doing Matha Tek to the Adi Guru Granth and thunder along with an army of horses charging at a small band of warriors (representing tyrants outnumbering Sikhs). Another video is shown of a farmer during the 2020-2021 Indian Farmer's Protest throwing a smoke bomb at the Delhi Police and another band of farmers trying to run them down with tractors and attacking them with flags. Moose Wala elaborates, "Such is the temperament of the Punjabis, the land which takes revenge by speaking is called Punjab, the land which crushed Delhi is called Punjab." This was a reference to the fact that Sikhs conquered Delhi thrice and raided it 14-15 times, the 16th time being during the 2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest where they raised the Nishan Sahib on the Red Fort.

The video continues showing paintings of Baba Deep Singh, the Sarbat Khalsa of 1986 and a video of turbaned men charging on horses. A video of a Northern Goshawk soaring over two armies (one small and one large) is shown, representing the Battle of Chamkaur and Guru Gobind Singh's Northern Goshawk. Next a video of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's armed guards with Lee-Enfield Rifles is displayed

Commercial performance[edit]

Within one hour of release, song gained more than four million views on YouTube.[2]

"SYL" debuted at number 81 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and by tallies it was going to reach at least 400 million views, although it was banned in India before.[3]

Charts[edit]

Weekly chart performance for "SYL"
Chart (2022) Peak

position

Australia (ARIA)[4] 81
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[5] 27
Global Excl. US (Billboard)[6] 200
India (Billboard)[7] 3
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)[8] 13
UK Asian (Official Charts Company)[9] 1

Credits and personnel[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Sidhu Moosewala's new song SYL released, fans say 'you will always be our legend'". 23 June 2022.
  2. ^ "Moosewala's new song SYL touches raw nerve, registers 10 lakh views in one hour". 24 June 2022.
  3. ^ "Sidhu Moose Wala's 'SYL' song features on Billboard Canadian Hot 100 Chart". 28 June 2022.
  4. ^ "The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 4 July 2022". The ARIA Report. No. 1687. Australian Recording Industry Association. 4 July 2022. p. 4.
  5. ^ "Billboard Canadian Hot 100: Week of July 9, 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  6. ^ "Billboard Global Excl. US: Week of July 9, 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  7. ^ "India Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  8. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 4 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  9. ^ "Asian Music Chart Top 40 | Official Charts Company". Official Charts.


Punjab Insurgency[edit]

Insurgency in Punjab

Most affected area coloured in Red
Date1984–1995[4][5][6]
(11 years)
Location
Main affected region; Punjab, India
Other regions; Delhi, India, Uttar Pradesh, India, Haryana, India, Maharashtra, India, Chandigarh, India, Jammu and Kashmir, India, West Bengal, India, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
Result

Indian victory

  • Insurgency quelled
  • Overall Sikh population and beliefs in society reduced
Belligerents
  •  India

    • Supported By

  • Panthic Committee (Manochahal)
  • Panthic Committee (Zafarwal)
  • Panthic Committee (Doctor)

    • Supported By

    Commanders and leaders
  • Indira Gandhi  †
  • Rajiv Gandhi  †
  • Chandra Shekhar
  • Zail Singh  †
  • Beant Singh  †
  • Buta Singh
  • Malkiat Singh Sidhu  †
  • V. N. Tiwari  †
  • Balwant Singh Thind  †
  • Brij Bhushan Mehra  †
  • Harbans Lal Khanna  †
  • Vilayati Ram Katyal  †
  • Kuldip Singh Brar
  • R. S. Puri  †
  • Ranjit Singh Dyal
  • B. N. Kumar  †
  • Krishnaswamy Sundarji
  • Arun Shridhar Vaidya  †
  • Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
  • Julio Ribeiro
  • Gobind Ram  †
  • Avinder Singh Brar  †
  • Swaran Ghotna
  • Ajit Singh Sandhu  †
  • A. S. Atwal  †
  • Ajit Singh  †
  • R.P. Gill  †
  • Baldev Singh Mann  †
  • Darshan Singh Canadian  †
  • Jaimal Singh Padda  †
  • Pash  †
  • Arjan Singh Mastana  †
  • Nidhan Singh Gudhan  †
  • Deepak Dhawan  †
  • Mohammad Izhar Alam
  • Mohammad Mustafa
  • Israr Rahim Khan
  • Ajit Poohla Nang
  • Jagdish Tangri  †
  • Vinod Gupta  †
  • Sham Sharma  †
  • Hit Abhilashi  †
  • Pawan Kumar  †
  • Sudhir Kumar Suri  †
    • Units involved
  • Babbar Khalsa
  • Khalistan Zindabad Force
  • Khalistan Commando Force
  • Khalistan Liberation Force
  • Bhindranwale Tigers Force of Khalistan
    • Strength
    India 150,000[7] 30,000 [8]
    Casualties and losses
    1,714 security personnel [9] 7,946 insurgents [9][10][11]
    11,690 non-combatants deaths. [9][10] Other reports state higher numbers.[12][13]

    The Insurgency in Punjab, from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, was an armed campaign by Sikhs against India.[14] Police brutality, corruption and violence were the highlights of the insurgency and the aftermath of the 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots. In the mid-1980s, the movement had evolved into a militant secessionist movement after the perceived indifference of the Indian state in regards to mutual negotiations.[15] The Green Revolution brought several social and economic changes which, along with factionalism of the politics, in the Punjab state increased tension between rural Sikhs in Punjab with the union Government of India.[14] [14]

    In the 1972 Punjab state elections, Congress won and Akali Dal was defeated. In 1973, Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution to demand more autonomic powers to the state of Punjab.[16] The Congress government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it.[17] Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale then launched the Dharam Yudh Morcha in 1982 to achieve three official goals, renaiming the Golden Rail Train, declaring Amritsar as a holy city and installing radio towers in Amritsar which played Gurbani. Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the Anandpur Resolution passed, failing which he wanted to declare a semi-autonomous, federal region of Punjab as a homeland for Sikhs, although he had not officially start any protest for it.[18][19]

    Under Bhindranwale, the number of people initiating into the Khalsa increased almost tenfold and it became a trend to start becoming more spiritual, growing out beards and sporting turbans. He also increased the awareness amongst the populace about the ongoing assault on Sikh values by politicians, alleging their intentions to influence Sikhism and weaken its grasp upon Sikh circles.[19] Bhindranwale and his followers started carrying firearms at all times for self defense in 1979, when President Zail Singh gave him gun licensees.[19] In 1983, he along with his militant followers occupied the Akal Takht with the permission of the District Commissioner of Amritsar and the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbhandak Committee.[20] While critics claimed that he entered it to escape arrest in 1983, there was no arrest warrant issued in his name, and he was regularly found giving interviews to the press in and outside the Akal Takht sometimes even travelling to him his in Rode for the same. He made the Sikh religious building his headquarters and led a campaign for autonomy in Punjab with the strong backing of ex-veterans of the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War who were dismissed due to Indira Gandhi's appeasement policies. Ex-veterans like Colonel Harbant Singh Kahlon, Major General Jaswant Singh Bhullar, Major General Narinder Singh, Major General Shabeg Singh and Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora all defended him in public or private. Bhindranwale then took refuge in the Akal Takht as the extrajudicial violence against Sikhs increased in the months before Operation Bluestar. [21]

    On 1 June 1984, Operation Blue Star was launched to remove him and the armed militants from the Golden Temple complex. On 6 June, on Guru Arjan Dev Martyrdom Day, Bhindranwale was killed by the Indian military in the operation.[22] The operation carried out in the Gurdwara caused outrage among the Sikhs and increased the support for the Punjab Insurgency.[14] Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh.[23] Public outcry over Gandhi's death led to the slaughter of Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 Anti-Sikh Genocide.[24] These events played a major role in the violence by Sikh militant groups and terrorism by security forces in the late 90s in Punjab.[25]

    In the mid-1990s, the insurgency petered out, and the Khalistan movement failed to reach its objective due to multiple reasons including policemen killing youth, factional infighting, and liberal fronts, with the militancy brought under the control of law enforcement agencies by 1993.

    Background[edit]

    1946-1948[edit]

    Pre-Partition[edit]

    'Rape of Pindi' Riots[edit]

    East Punjab Genocide[edit]

    Planned Sikh Invasion of West Punjab[edit]

    1948 Indo-Pakistan War[edit]

    Aftermath[edit]

    1949-1966[edit]

    Punjabi Suba Morcha[edit]

    1955 Attack on the Darbar Sahib[edit]

    1962 Indo-China War[edit]

    1965 Indo-Pakistan War[edit]

    1966 Anti-Sikh Riots[edit]

    1966 Gurdwara Paonta Sahib Attack[edit]

    In the 1950s the Punjabi Suba movement for linguistic reorganisation of the state of Punjab and status for the Punjabi language took place, which the government finally agreed to in 1966 after protests and recommendation of the States Reorganisation commission.[14] The state of East Punjab was later split into the states of Himachal Pradesh, the new state Haryana and current day Punjab.[26]

    The process of Sikh alienation from the national mainstream was set in motion shortly after Independence due to the communalism of national and regional parties and organization including the RSS, Jan Sangh, and the Arya Samaj, exacerbated by Congress mishandling and local politicians and factions.[27] According to Indian general Afsir Karim, many observers believed that separatist sentiments began in 1951 when Punjabi Hindus disowned the Punjabi language under the influence of radical elements, and "doubts on the concepts of a Punjabi Suba" created mutual suspicion, bitterness, and further misunderstanding between the two communities.[27] The 1966 reorganization left the Sikhs highly dissatisfied, with the unresolved status of Chandigarh and the distribution of river waters intensifying bitter feelings.[27]

    1967-1974[edit]

    1971 Indo-Pakistan War[edit]

    1972 Rooswale Yudh[edit]

    Green Revolution[edit]

    While the Green Revolution in Punjab had several positive impacts, the introduction of the mechanised agricultural techniques led to uneven distribution of wealth. The industrial development was not done at the same pace of agricultural development, the Indian government had been reluctant to set up heavy industries in Punjab due to its status as a high-risk border state with Pakistan.[28] The rapid increase in the higher education opportunities without adequate rise in the jobs resulted in the increase in the unemployment of educated youth.[14] The resulting unemployed rural Sikh youth were drawn to the militant groups, and formed the backbone of the militancy.[29]

    After being routed in 1972 Punjab election,[16] the Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution in 1973 to address these and other grievances,[30] and demand more autonomy to Punjab.[16] The resolution included both religious and political issues. It asked for recognising Sikhism as a religion It also demanded that power be generally devoluted from the Central to state governments.[14] The Anandpur Resolution was rejected by the government as a secessionist document. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to demands such as a larger share of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.[31]

    1975-1977[edit]

    1975 Emergency[edit]

    1976 Sawa Lakh Se Ek Ladaut Morcha[edit]

    1977 Sant Kartar Singh Bhindranwale Death[edit]

    1978-1980[edit]

    1978 Kaithal Landowning Case[edit]

    1978 Amritsar Sikh-Nirankari Clash[edit]

    1979 Delhi Sikh-Nirankari Clash[edit]

    1978 Kanpur Sikh-Nirankari Clash[edit]

    1979 Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee Elections[edit]

    1980 Assassination of Guru Gurbachan Singh Nirankari[edit]

    The Punjab Insurgency[edit]

    1981-1984[edit]

    Main article: Dharam Yudh Morcha

    Amrit Parchaar Campaigns[edit]

    1981 Bombing of the Secretariat[edit]

    1981 Tobacco Protest[edit]

    The 1978 Sikh-Nirankari clashes had been within the Sikh community, but the pro-Sant Nirankari stance of some Hindus in Punjab and Delhi had led to further division, including Jan Sangh members like Harbans Lal Khanna joining the fray, who, in a protest against holy city status for Amritsar, raising inflammatory slogans like "Kachha, kara, kirpan, bhejo inko Pakistan" ("those who wear the 5 Ks (Sikhs), send them to Pakistan"), led to aggressive counter demonstrations.[30]

    1981 Holy City Status Protest[edit]

    1981 Lala Jagat Narain Assassination[edit]

    1981 Pakistani Plane Hijack[edit]

    1981 Bhindranwale in Delhi[edit]

    1981 Bhindranwale in Ferozepur Jail[edit]

    1982 Haryana Anti-Sikh Riots[edit]

    1982 Bhindranwale in Bombay[edit]

    1982 Attempted Assassination on Bhindranwale[edit]

    1982 Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib Attack[edit]

    1983 BD Pandey Resignation[edit]

    1983 Nankana Sahib Protest[edit]

    Extrajudicial Killings and Gurudwara Attacks[edit]

    1981 Chowk Mehta Bombing[edit]
    1981 Gurdwara Ram Saran Bombing[edit]
    1983 Dauke Incident[edit]
    1983 Rasta Roko Morcha Firing[edit]
    1983 Rail Roko Morcha Massacre[edit]

    Bhindranwale had risen to prominence in the Sikh political circle with his policy of getting the Anandpur Sahib Resolution passed.[18] Indira Gandhi, the leader of the Akali Dal's rival Congress, considered the Anandpur Sahib Resolution as a secessionist document although it was purely humanitarian and according to earlier promises by the government but rejected.[17] The Government was of the view that passing of the resolution would have allowed Punjab to be autonomous.

    As high-handed police methods normally used on common criminals were used on protesters during the Dharam Yudh Morcha, creating state repression affecting a very large segment of Punjab's population, retaliatory violence came from a section of the Sikh population, widening the scope of the conflict by the use of violence of the state on its own people, creating fresh motives for Sikh youth to turn to insurgency.[32] The concept of Khalistan was still vague even while the complex was fortified under the influence of former Sikh army officials alienated by government actions who now advised Bhindranwale, Major General Shabeg Singh and retired Major General and Brigadier Mohinder Singh, and at that point the concept was still not directly connected with the movement he headed.[32] In other parts of Punjab, a "state of chaos and repressive police methods" combined to create "a mood of overwhelming anger and resentment in the Sikh masses against the authorities", making Bhindranwale even more popular, and demands of independence gain currency, even amongst moderates and Sikh intellectuals.[32] Extrajudicial killings by the police of orthodox Sikh youth in rural areas in Punjab during the summer and winter of 1982 and early 1983, provoking reprisals.[33] Over 190 Sikhs had been killed in the first 19 months of the protest movement.[34]

    1984[edit]

    Operation Blue Star[edit]

    Main article: Operation Blue Star

    Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984, ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to remove religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab.[35] In July 1983, the Sikh political party Akali Dal's President Harcharan Singh Longowal had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex.[36][23] Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an armoury and headquarters.[37][38] In the violent events leading up to the Operation Blue Star, the militants had killed 165 Nirankaris, Hindus and Nirankaris, even 39 Sikhs opposed to Bhindranwale were killed. The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.[39]

    Counterintelligence reports of the Indian agencies had reported that three prominent figures in the operation, Shabeg Singh, Balbir Singh and Amrik Singh had made at least six trips each to Pakistan between the years 1981 and 1983.[1] Intelligence Bureau reported that weapons training was being provided at gurdwaras in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Soviet intelligence agency KGB reportedly tipped off the Indian agency RAW about the CIA and ISI working together on a Plan for Punjab with a code name "Gibraltar". RAW from its interrogation of a Pakistani Army officer received information that over a thousand trained Special Service Group commandos of the Pakistan Army had been dispatched by Pakistan into the Indian Punjab to assist Bhindranwale in his fight against the government. A large number of Pakistani agents also took the smuggling routes in the Kashmir and Kutch n for three days ending on 8 June. A clean-up operation codenamed as Operation Woodrose was also initiated throughout Punjab.[1]

    The army had underestimated the firepower possessed by the militants. Militants had Chinese made rocket-propelled grenade launchers with armour piercing capabilities. Tanks and heavy artillery were used to attack the militants using anti-tank and machine-gun fire from the heavily fortified Akal Takht. After a 24-hour firefight, the army finally wrested control of the temple complex. Casualty figures for the Army were 83 dead and 249 injured.[40] According to the official estimate presented by the Indian government, 1592 were apprehended and there were 493 combined militant and civilian casualties.[41] High civilian casualties were attributed by the state to militants using pilgrims trapped inside the temple as human shields.[42] According to Indian army generals, it was "doubtful" that Bhindranwale had any assurance of help or promise of asylum from Pakistan, as he made no attempt to escape with any associates, in additions to traditions of martyrdom.[43]

    Assassination of Indira Gandhi and Anti-Sikh Genocide[edit]

    The Operation Bluestar was criticized by many Sikhs bodies, who interpreted the military action as an assault on Sikh religion.[44] Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh.[23]

    Public outcry and instigation of the public by several high-profile politicians and actors[45] over Gandhi's death led to the killings of more than 3,000 Sikhs in the ensuing 1984 anti-Sikh riots.[24] In the aftermath of the riots, the government reported that 20,000 had fled the Dehli; the People's Union for Civil Liberties reported "at least" 1,000 displaced persons.[46] The most-affected regions were the Sikh neighbourhoods of Delhi. Human rights organisations and newspapers across India believed that the massacre was organised.[47][48][49] The collusion of political officials in the violence and judicial failure to penalise the perpetrators alienated Sikhs and increased support for the Khalistan movement.[50]

    Bhopal Gas Tragedy[edit]

    Since the November 1984 pogrom, the Sikhs considered themselves a besieged community.[51] The majority of Sikhs in Punjab would come to support the insurgents as harsh police measures, harassment of innocent Sikh families, and fake encounters from the state had progressively increased support, and provided fresh motives for angry youth to join the insurgents, who were extolled by the community as martyrs as they were killed by police.[51] Police activity discriminatory towards Sikhs increased alienation greatly, triggering indiscriminate militant incidents.[51] However, the insurgent groups were also highly vulnerable to infiltration by security forces, providing possible motive as to frequent assassination of those suspected of being informants.[51]

    A section of Sikhs turned to militancy in Punjab; some Sikh militant groups aimed to create an independent state called Khalistan through acts of violence directed at members of the Indian government, army or forces. Others demanded an autonomous state within India, based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. Rajiv Gandhi congratulated a "large number" of Sikhs in a speech in 1985 for condemning the actions of the militants "for the first time."[52]

    An anthropological study by Puri et al. had posited fun, excitement and expressions of masculinity, as explanations for the young men to join militants and other religious nationalist groups. Puri et al. stated that undereducated and illiterate young men, and with few job prospects had joined pro-Khalistan militant groups with "fun" as one of the primary reasons, asserting that the pursuit of Khalistan was the motivation for only 5% of "militants".[53][54][full citation needed] Among the arrested terrorists were Harjinder Singh Jinda, who was a convicted bank robber and had escaped from prison, Devinder Singh Bai, a suspect in murder case and was Bhindranwale's close associate, and two drug smugglers, Upkar Singh and Bakshish Singh.[55] However, retired Indian Army general Afsir Karim had described "myths" that had become part of the conventional wisdom of the establishment, including that of "Sikhs have no cause to be dissatisfied or disgruntled" or "have no grievances", or that "terrorism and violence is the work of a handful of misguided youth and criminals and can be curbed by strong measures taken by the state law and order apparatus", stating that the terrorism was a preliminary stage of insurgency in Punjab, that it was well organized, and that the militants were highly motivated and that crime was not their motive.[56] Army leaders during the earlier operation had noted that "it was now evident that this was no rabble army, but a determined insurgent army fired up with religious fervour."[38] The movement would only begin to attract lumpen elements in the late 1980s, joining for the allure of money rather than the long cherished cause of a separate homeland for the Sikhs,[57] as well as by entryists like Naxalites who "took advantage of the situation for their own ends."[52]

    According to Human Rights Watch in the beginning, on the 1980s, terrorists committed indiscriminate bombings in crowded places, as Indian security forces killed, disappeared, and tortured thousands of innocent Sikhs extrajudicially during its counterinsurgency campaign.[58] On the same day, in another location, a group of militants killed two officials during an attack on a train.[21]: 174  Trains were attacked and people were shot after being pulled from buses.

    The Congress(I)-led Central Government dismissed its own Punjab's government, declaring a state of emergency, and imposed the President's Rule in the state.[21]: 175 

    The Operation Blue Star and Anti-Sikh riots across Northern India were crucial events in the evolution of the Khalistan movement. The nationalist groups grew in numbers and strength.[1] The financial funding from the Sikh diaspora sharply increased and the Sikhs in the US, UK and Canada donated thousands of dollars every week for the insurgency. Manbir Singh Chaheru the chief of the Sikh militant group Khalistan Commando Force admitted that he had received more than $60,000 from Sikh organisations operating in Canada and Britain. One of the militant stated, "All we have to do is commit a violent act and the money for our cause increased drastically."[59] Indira Gandhi's son and political successor, Rajiv Gandhi, tried unsuccessfully to bring peace to Punjab.[37]

    The opportunity that the government had after 1984 was lost and by March 1986, the Golden Temple was back in control of Sikh institution Damdami Taksal.[1] By 1985, the situation in Punjab had become highly volatile. In December 1986, a bus was attacked by Sikh militants in which 24 Hindus were shot dead and 7 were injured and shot near Khuda in the Hoshiarpur district of Punjab.[60] [61]

    Pakistan involvement[edit]

    According to Indian general Afsir Karim, there was "nothing to suggest that the initial break between Sikhs and the national mainstream was engineered by outside agencies."[62] The first impetus occurred shortly after Independence in 1951 when Punjabi Hindus, under the influence of local Hindu radical groups,[62] abandoned Punjabi to call Hindi their mother tongue in falsified censuses to prevent the formation of the Punjabi Suba, which brought out other differences between the two communities in the open.[62] Despite this, it required an event of the magnitude of Operation Blue Star to give rise to militancy in an organized form.[62] The pre-operation period generated enough heat to draw Pakistan interest, but it was Operation Blue Star which gave the final push to angry Sikh youth to cross the border and accept Pakistani assistance and support.[62] Even then their anger was "not particularly against the Hindu population but against the humiliation of Blue Star compounded by the anti-Sikh riots of 1984."[62]

    In 1964, Pakistani state-owned radio station began airing separatist propaganda targeted for Sikhs in Punjab, which continued during the Indo-Pak war of 1965.[55] Pakistan had been promoting the Sikh secessionist movement since the 1970s. The Pakistani prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had politically supported the idea of Khalistan wherever possible. Under Zia ul Haq, this support became even more prominent. The motive for supporting Khalistan was the revenge for India's role in splitting of Pakistan in 1971 and to discredit India's global status by splitting a Sikh state to vindicate Jinnah's Two-nation theory.[1] Zia had seen this as an opportunity to weaken and distract India in another war of insurgency following the Pakistani military doctrine to "Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts". Former Director General of ISI Hamid Gul had once stated that "Keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan Army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers."[63]

    Since the early 1980s, for the fulfillment of these motives, the spy agency Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan became involved with the Khalistan movement.[1] ISI created a special Punjab cell in its headquarter to support the militant Sikh followers of Bhindranwale and supply them with arms and ammunitions. Terrorist training camps were set up in Pakistan at Lahore and Karachi to train them. ISI deployed its Field Intelligence Units (FIU) on the Indo-Pak Border. Organisations like Bhindranwale Tiger Force, the Khalistan Commando Force, the Khalistan Liberation Force and the Babbar Khalsa were provided support.[1]

    A three-phase plan was followed by the Punjab cell of ISI.[1]

    • Phase 1 had the objective to initiate alienation of the Sikh people from rest of the people in India.
    • Phase 2 worked to subvert government organisation and organize mass agitations opposing the government.
    • Phase 3 marked the beginning of a reign of terror in Punjab where the civilians became victims of violence by the militants and counter-violence by the government, due to which a vicious cycle of terrorism would be induced and utter chaos would ensue.[1]

    The ISI also attempted to make appeals to the five-member Panthic Committee, elected from among the religious leaders of the Panth at the Panj Takhts as the upholders of the Sikh religion, as well as the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee due to its substantial financial resources,[1] and as both Sikh committees had major political influence over Punjab and New Delhi.[1]

    Sikhs in Pakistan were a small minority and the Panthic Committee in Pakistan assisted the propaganda campaign of ISI in its propaganda and psychological warfare. The Sikh community in the country and abroad were its target. Panthic Committee delivered religious speeches and revealing incidents of torture to the Sikhs. Sikhs were instigated to take up arms against the Indian Government "in the name of a hypothetical autonomous Sikh nation".[1]

    ISI used Pakistani Sikhs as partners for its operation in the Indian Punjab. The terrorist training program was spread over and the Sikh gurdwaras on both sides of International border were used as place for residence and armoury for storing weapons and ammunitions.[1]

    The direct impact of these activities was felt during the Operation Blue Star where the Sikh insurgents fighting against the army were found to be well trained in warfare and had enough supply of ammunitions.[1] After the Operation Blue Star several modern weapons found inside the temple complex with the Pakistan or Chinese markings on them.[64]

    Training and infrastructure[edit]

    Pakistan had been involved in training, guiding, and arming Sikh militants.[1] Interrogation reports of Sikh militants arrested in India gave details of the training of Sikh youth in Pakistan including arms training in the use of rifles, sniper rifle, light machine gun, grenade, automatic weapons, chemical weapons, demolition of buildings and bridges, sabotage and causing explosions using gunpowder by the Pak-based Sikh militant leaders and Pakistani army officers. A dozen terrorist training camps had been set up in Pakistan along the International border. These camps housed 1500 to 2000 Sikh militants who were imparted guerrilla warfare training.[55] Reports also suggested plans of ISI to cause explosions in big cities like Amritsar, Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Delhi and targeting politicians.[65][66] According to KPS Gill, terrorists had been mainly using crude bombs but since 1990s more modern explosives supplied by Pakistan had become widespread in usage among them. The number of casualties also increased with more explosives usage by the terrorists.[1]

    Weapons[edit]

    By providing modern sophisticated weapons to the Sikh extremists, the Pakistani ISI was efficacious in producing an environment which conducted guerrilla warfare.[1] AK-47s provided by ISI was primarily used by the militants as an ideal weapon in their guerrilla warfare, based on its superior performance in comparison to other weapons. While the Indian policemen fighting the militants had .303 Lee–Enfield rifles that were popular in the World war II and only a few of them had 7.62 1A self loading rifles. These weapons were outmatched by automatic AK-47s.

    A militant from Babbar Khalsa who had been arrested in the early 1990s had informed Indian authorities about Pakistani ISI plans to use aeroplanes for Kamikaze attacks on Indian installations. The Sikhs however refused to participate in such operations on religious grounds as Sikhism prohibits suicide assassinations.[1] In a hijacking in 1984 a German manufactured pistol was used and during the investigations, Germany's Federal Intelligence Service then confirmed that the weapon was part of a weapon consignment for Pakistani government. The American government had then issued warnings over the incident after which the series of hijackings of Indian aeroplanes had stopped.[1]

    End of violence[edit]

    Between 1987 and 1991, Punjab was placed under an ineffective President's rule and was governed from Delhi. Elections were eventually held in 1992 but the voter turnout was poor. A new Congress(I) government was formed and it gave the Chief of the Punjab Police (India) K.P.S. Gill a free hand.

    Under his Command, police had launched multiple intelligence-based operations like Operation Black Thunder to neutralise Sikh militants. Police was also successful in killing multiple High-value terrorists thus suppressing the violence and putting an end to mass killings.[67]

    By 1993, the Punjab insurgency had petered out, with a last major incident being the Assassination of Chief Minister Beant Singh occurring in 1995.[1]

    The government began a propaganda campaign in the early 1990s that supported Punjabi folk singers such as Kuldeep Manak, Gurdas Mann, etc. They were made to record songs such as "Apna punjab hove" which were anti-Sikh in nature. Most of the Folk songs promoted caste system and alcohol, designed to cause cultural separation inside Punjab rather than out.

    1,714 security personnel, 7,946 militants, and 11,690 non-combatants were killed throughout the conflict. Some sources have stated higher figures for non-combatant deaths.[9][68]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Kiessling, Hein (2016). Faith, Unity, Discipline: The Inter-Service-Intelligence (ISI) of Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1849048637. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
    2. ^ a b Martin 2013, p. 190.
    3. ^ "Pakistan supporting Sikh militants, say fresh intelligence inputs". Hindustan Times. 2 September 2017.
    4. ^ Mahmood 1996, p. 83: "Here, I concentrate on the epochal battle at the Golden Temple between the militants and the Indian Army that has spawned what we now know as the Khalistan movement."
    5. ^ Karim, Afsir (1991). Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor. Lancer Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 978-8170621270. Previously the conflict had been limited to a few radical groups, after [Operation Blue Star], it touched the whole of Punjab, with organized insurgency not taking root in Punjab until after the operation.
    6. ^ Gates, Scott; Roy, Kaushik (2016). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency. Routledge. p. 163. ISBN 978-1317005414. Retrieved 10 October 2017 – via Google Books.
    7. ^ "Punjab Military Conflict" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 12 December 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
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    9. ^ a b c d Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th edition, Micheal Clodfelter, p. 608, McFarland
    10. ^ a b "Punjab Militant attacks". One India. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
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    12. ^ Martin, Gus (2017), Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, Sage, ISBN 9781506385839, Casualty estimates vary widely, from 25,000 Sikhs and Hindus killed in the fighting to claims of an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 deaths, although these latter (higher) claims are disputed.
    13. ^ Sharma, Divya. Ethics, Ethnocentrism and Social Science Research. Routledge. p. 10. Martin does not cite any source for this information. In their work, Singh and Kim (2018) note that the official number of deaths during the insurgency was 30,000. Martin's estimates are closest to the estimates given by the Council of Khalistan.
    14. ^ a b c d e f g Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2007). Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. Pearson Education India. p. 484. ISBN 978-8131708347. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
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    33. ^ Pettigrew, Joyce (1987). "In Search of a New Kingdom of Lahore". Pacific Affairs. 60 (1): 24. doi:10.2307/2758827. JSTOR 2758827.
    34. ^ Dhillon, Gurdarshan Singh (1996). Truth about Punjab: SGPC White Paper (1st ed.). Amritsar, Punjab: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. p. 198. ISBN 978-0836456547.
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    44. ^ Westerlund, David (1996). Questioning The Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics. C. Hurst & Co. p. 1276. ISBN 1-85065-241-4.
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    External links[edit]

    Bhujang Singh/sandbox
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    Sikh Revolutionary and Durbar Wars[edit]

    The Sikh Revolutionary and Durbar Wars, sometimes called the Great Durbar War, were a series of conflicts between the Sukherchakia Raj and several kingdoms in India under the British East India Company. They encompass the Misl Unification War against the various Misls and from 1805 onwards the Lahore-Patiala War, Afghan-Sikh Wars, First Anglo-Afghan War, First Durbar War, Second Durbar War, Third Durbar War and Lahore Durbar Mutiny of 1856.

    Although the Coalition Wars are the most prominent subset of conflicts of this era, some French Revolutionary Wars such as the French invasion of Switzerland (1798), and some Napoleonic Wars such as the French invasion of Russia (June – December 1812) and the Peninsular War (October 1807 – April 1814), are not counted amongst the "Coalition Wars" proper.

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