User:Crtew/Safety of journalists project page
Overview[edit]
Key documents[edit]
- United Nations General Assembly Resolution 59 (Adopted 14 December 1946): "Calling of an International Conference on Freedom of Information"
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Full text), Article 19 (Adopted 10 December 1948): "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."[1]
- Geneva Conventions (Adopted 12 August 1949):[2]
- Article 4 A (4) of the Third Geneva Convention: "Article 4, A. Prisoners of war, in the sense of the present Convention, are persons belonging to one of the following categories, who have fallen into the power of the enemy: ... (4) Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof, such as civilian members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members of labour units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided that they have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany, who shall provide them for that purpose with an identity card similar to the annexed model."[3]
- Additional Protocol I (Adopted 8 June 1977): Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts:
- Article 75: "Fundamental guarantees: 1. In so far as they are affected by a situation referred to in Article 1 of this Protocol, persons who are in the power of a Party to the conflict and who do not benefit from more favourable treatment under the Conventions or under this Protocol shall be treated humanely in all circumstances and shall enjoy, as a minimum, the protection provided by this Article without any adverse distinction based upon race, colour, sex, language, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national or social origin, wealth, birth or other status, or on any other similar criteria. Each Party shall respect the person, honour, convictions and religious practices of all such persons."[4]
- Article 79: "Measures of protection for journalists: 1. Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict shall be considered as civilians within the meaning of Article 50, paragraph 1. 2. They shall be protected as such under the Conventions and this Protocol, provided that they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians, and without prejudice to the right of war correspondents accredited to the armed forces to the status provided for in Article 4 A (4) of the Third Convention. 3. They may obtain an identity card similar to the model in Annex II of this Protocol. This card, which shall be issued by the government of the State of which the journalist is a national or in whose territory he resides or in which the news medium employing him is located, shall attest to his status as a journalist."[5]
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, known as ICCPR (Adopted 16 December 1966; and in force since 1976)
- American Convention on Human Rights, Article 13: Freedom of Thought and Expression (Adopted 22 November 1969; Ratified 18 July 1978) / Article 13
- MacBride report issued by the International Commission for the Study of Communication Problems (which coined the phrase New World Information and Communication Order) (Delivered to UNESCO February 1980) / MacBride report
- Declaration of Talloires (15-17 May 1981): "A Constructive Approach To A Global Information Order" / Talloires text
- Charter for a Free Press (16-18 January 1987) / Charter
- Windhoek Declaration (Adopted 3 May 1991): "Declarations on Promoting Independent and Pluralistic Media" / Windhoek text
- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Adopted 17 July 1998; and in force 1 July 2002)
- Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, known as VDPA, (Adopted 25 June 1993) Part II, paragraphs 60 and 91 text
- Declaration of Chapultepec (11 March 1994, Mexico City) / Chapultepec Project
- Declaration of Sofia (10-13 September 1997) / "The access to and the use of these new media should be afforded the same freedom of expression protections as traditional media." Sofia text
- Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression (Adopted October 2000) by the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights of the OAS
- Statement of Vienna (21 November 2002) "Press Freedom on the Internet" / Vienna text
- UN Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Resolution 2005/81: Impunity, 21 April 2005[6] text
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1738 (2006) / UN SC Resolution 1738 text
- Press Freedom in New Communication Media (14 February 2007)
Supporting documents[edit]
- Customary international law[7]
- From: "Study on customary international humanitarian law," Annex: List of Customary Rules of International Humanitarian Law. Section: Specifically Protected Persons and Objects, Journalists: Rule 34. "Civilian journalists engaged in professional missions in areas of armed conflict must be respected and protected as long as they are not taking a direct part in hostilities." Note: The rule is applicable to treaties which cover both international and non-international armed conflicts.[8]
Key speeches[edit]
- US President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Four Freedoms speech was the 1941 State of the Union speech before Congress, delivered 6 January 1941 (Full text and audio).
Press freedom organizations[edit]
World intergovernmental organizations[edit]
- UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
- UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression
- UN Special Rapporteurs on Extra-judicial Summary or Arbitrary Executions
- UN Special Rapporteurs on Violence Against Women and Torture
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Regional intergovernmental organizations[edit]
- Africa:
- African Union (AU), Special Rapporteur on the Freedom of Expression and Access to Information within the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights in Africa / Rapporteur Faith Pansy Tlakula (Pretoria, South Africa)[http://www.shootinglondon.herobo.com/index.php?/portraits/pansy-tlakula/ Photographed by Anton Hammerl
- The Americas:
- Organization of American States (OAS), OAS Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression (Washington D.C., United States) Since 1997 / Rapporteur Catalina Botero (2008- ) / OAS website
- Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
- Asia:
- Europe:
- Council of Europe (CoE)
- Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, OSCE Special Representative on Freedom of the Media in the OSCE (Vienna, Austria) Since 1997 / Representative Dunja Mijatovic (2010- ) / OSCE Media Freedom
- MENA:
Global nongovernment organizations[edit]
The Coordinating Committee of Press Freedom Organizations
- Article 19 (London, UK) / Article19.org
- Committee to Protect Journalists (New York, US) / CPJ.org
- Doha Centre for Media Freedom (Doha, Qatar) / DC4MF.org
- Freedom House, which publishes Freedom of the Press (report) and Freedom of the Net (report), (Washington DC, US) / FreedomHouse.org
- Index on Censorship, website—United Kingdom
- International Federation of Journalists (Brussels, Belgium) / IFJ.org
- International Freedom of Expression Exchange (Toronto, Canada) / IFEX.org
- International News Safety Institute (London, UK) / NewsSafety
- International Press Institute (Vienna, Austria) / IPI
- Reporters Without Borders (Paris, France) / RSF.org
- Rory Peck Trust (London, UK) / [1] (professional organization devoted to freelance journalists)
- Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa-Inter American Press Association (Miami, US) Since 1942 & 1946 / SIPIAPA.org
- World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (Darmstadt, Germany and Paris, France) / WAN-IFRA.org
- World Press Freedom Committee (US)
Africa
- Center for Media Studies and Peace Building, website -- Liberia
- Freedom of Expression Institute, website—South Africa
- Journaliste en danger (JED), website (in French) -- Democratic Republic of Congo
- Media Foundation for West Africa, website -- Ghana
- Media Institute, website -- Kenya
- Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), website -- Namibia
- Media Rights Agenda, website -- Nigeria
- National Union of Somali Journalists NUSOJ, website -- Somalia
- West African Journalists Association (UJAO), website -- Senegal
Arab
- Arabic Network for Human Rights Information, website -- Egypt
- Bahrain Center for Human Rights, website -- Bahrain
- Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, website -- Egypt
- Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, website -- Egypt
- Maharat Foundation, -- website -- Lebanon
- Observatory for the Freedom of Peace, Press, Publishing and Creation in Tunisia, website -- Tunisia
- Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA) website -- Palestine
Asia-Europe
- Adil Soz, International Foundation for Protection of Speech Freedom, website -- Kazakhstan
- Center for Journalism in Extreme Situations, website—Russia
- Glasnost Defense Foundation, website—Russia
- Initiative for Freedom of Expression, website -- Turkey
- Institute for Reporters' Freedom and Safety, website - Azerbaijan
- IPS Communication Foundation: BIANET website -- Turkey
- Journalists' Trade Union, -- Azerbaijan
Asia-Oceania
- Alliance of Independent Journalists, website -- Indonesia
- Centre for Independent Journalism (CIJ), website -- Malaysia
- Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility (CMFR), website -- Philippines
- Institute for the Study of Free Flow of Information, website -- Indonesia
- Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance, website—Australia
- Pacific Freedom Forum, website -- Pacific Islands
- Pacific Islands News Association, website -- Fiji
Asia
- Federation of Nepalese Journalists, website -- Nepal
- Free Media Movement, website -- Sri Lanka
- Globe International NGO, website -- Mongolia
- Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA), website—China
- Media Watch -- Bangladesh
- Mizzima News, website -- Burma
- Pakistan Press Foundation (PPF), website -- Pakistan
- Public Association "Journalists" PAJ, website -- Kyrgyzstan* Public Association "Journalists" PAJ, website -- Kyrgyzstan
- Southeast Asian Press Alliance (Bangkok, Thailand) Since 1998 / SEAPAbkk.org
- Thai Journalists Association (TJA), website -- Thailand
Europe
- Association of Independent Electronic Media, website -- Serbia and Montenegro
- Independent Journalism Center, website -- Moldova
- Institute of Mass Information, website Ukraine
- International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), website—Netherlands
- International PEN Writers in Prison Committee, website—United Kingdom
- International Publishers Association (IPA), website—Switzerland
- Norwegian PEN, website—Norway
- Netherlands Association of Journalists, website—Netherlands
- Privacy International. website—United Kingdom
- South-East European Network for the Professionalization of the Media website—Hungary
- South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) South_East_Europe_Media_Organisation website—Austria
Latin America/Carribbean
- Associação Brasileira de Jornalismo Investigativo, ABRAJI, website -- Brazil
- Association of Caribbean Media Workers, ACM, website
- Center for Informative Reports on Guatemala, website -- Guatemala
- Comité por la Libre Expresión C-Libre,website -- Honduras
- Foro de Periodismo Argentino FOPEA, website -- Argentina
- Foundation for Press Freedom (FLIP), website -- Colombia
- Institute for Press and Society, website -- Peru
- Paraguayan Union of Journalists -- Paraguay
North America
- Canadian Journalists for Free Expression (CJFE), website—Canada
- Cartoonists Rights Network International—United States
- Center for Journalism and Public Ethics, website—Mexico
- Centro Nacional de Comunicación Social, website—Mexico
- Human Rights Watch (NRW), Topic:Press freedom—United States
- PEN American Center (PEN), website—United States
- PEN Canada, website—Canada
- World Association of Community Radio Broadcasters/Association Mondiale Des Radiodiffuseurs Communautaires (AMARC), website—Canada
Commemorative dates[edit]
- 3 May -- World Press Freedom Day / UNESCO's World Press Freedom Day website
- 23 November -- International Day to End Impunity / DayToEndImpunity.org
- 15 December -- Remembrance Day of Journalists Killed in the Line of Duty / Russia
Memorials for journalists[edit]
International memorials Several monuments have been created as comprehensive memorials dedicated to those journalists who have been killed while reporting around the world:
- Journalists Memorial. The virtual exhibit at the Newseum listed 2,156 (as of February 2012) killed internationally since 1837. It is a project that was carried out by Doha Centre, Reporters Without Borders and the city of Bayeux.[9][10]
- The stone memorial in Bayeux, France was unveiled for World Press Freedom Day 2007 and contains the names of 1,889 names of journalists killed worldwide between 1944 and 2007.[11] Bayeux Prix website
National projects Several memorial sites are specific to one nation/region or period in that nation's history:
- The Center for Journalism in Extreme Situations (CJES) has a memorial website for those journalists killed in the countries that made up the former Soviet Union [2]
- The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation documents the 135 journalists who lost their lives covering the Indochina region from 1945-1975. See: website.
- A war memorial for correspondents who were killed during the Sudan campaigns (1883-1885) is in St Paul's Cathedral in London.[12]
- The Goscombe John sculpture, which is in St Paul's Cathedral in London, commemorates those journalists who were killed during one of the two Boer Wars between 1880 and 1902 in South Africa.
- The names of 157 artists and journalists who covered the US Civil War are listed on the National War Correspondents Memorial in Gathland State Park near Burkittsville, Maryland. The historical accuracy of the names listed, however, is disputed. The Memorial was first dedicated on 16 October 1896 on the ranch of American Civil War journalist George Alfred Townsend, which is now located in the Crampton's Gap Historic District. See NPS website and a history.
Australia: Australian War Memorial
News Organizations Some news organizations have constructed their own monuments to fallen journalists.
- The Breathing (memorial sculpture) sits atop the BBC's Broadcasting House in London, U.K., and it is dedicated to all the BBC journalists who have lost their lives while reporting. See: website
Parks dedicated to individual journalists
- The JCampbell Park, known as the Julia Campbell Agroforest Memorial Eco-Park, is a memorial established in honor of Julia Campbell (January 25, 1967 – April 8, 2007), who was murdered while serving as a Peace Corps volunteer by a man who mistook her for another person.
- Freedom Park (Arlington, Virginia) was established in 1996 as a monument to freedom by journalist organizations and at one times housed the moment to journalists who had been killed while reporting.
- The Manuel de Dios Unanue Triangle in Queens honors its namesake Manuel de Dios Unanue (4 January 1943 – 11 March 1992), who is the only journalist killed by drug traffickers on American soil. The Colombian Cali cartel ordered the murder of the editor of El Diario La Prensa in 1992 because of his aggressive reporting.
- Sitting within the Nantahala National Forest in North Carolina, the Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness is a natural memorial dedicated to Joyce Kilmer (6 December 1886 – 30 July 1918), who was killed in World War I.
Gallery of parks
Parks established as memorials to journalists
-
Manuel de Dios Unanue Triangle
Museums
- A museum commemorates the life of journalist Émile Chartier (3 March 1868 – 2 June 1951) who wrote under the pen name Alain. Alain et Mortagne-au-Perche (museum)
Homes
- The house of W. Llewelyn Williams (10 March 1867 – 22 April 1922), a Welsh journalists and politician, at Brownhill Llansadwrn, Towy Valley, Carmarthenshire in Wales.
- A plaque with information about Auguste Nefftzer (3 February 1820 – 20 August 1876) marks his family home in Colmar, France.
Streets
- In June 2005 Kiev's Industrialnaya Street was renamed Georgy Gongadze Street.[13]
- In Bulgaria, streets are named after American journalist Januarius MacGahan (1844 – 1878), who wrote about the Batak massacre by the Turks in 1876.
Monuments, Memorial statues, Cenotaphs, Signs, Markers or Plaques
- The name of photojournalist Bill Biggart(July 20, 1947 – September 11, 2001), the only working, photojournalist to be killed in the attack on the World Trade Center, is etched into Panel S-66 at National September 11 Memorial, New York City. (See Gallery)
- August 2008 a monument to journalist Gongadze and all journalists killed for their professional activities was opened in Kiev in a park in Chervonoarmiyska street,[14]
- 2001 plaque in Dubhlinn Gardens for Veronica Guerin.
- The Dutch writer and journalist A. den Doolaard (1901 – 1994) was honored with both a statue and a room within a well-known cultural center for his contribution of generating interest about Macedonia among foreigners, especially the Dutch.
- A plaque was established in honor of Otakar Batlička (12 March 1895 – 13 February 1942), a travel journalist, who was killed during the Holocaust at the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.
- Gareth Jones (journalist) (killed 12 August 1935)
- A statue was repurposed as a memorial for journalist, editor and publisher Fritz Gerlich (15 February 1883 – 30 June 1934). A famous statue of a lion by sculptor Johann Halbig,[15] referred to as "Swapo", now stands in a different location from its original installation. Halbig had originally sculpted "Swapo" to stand outside the Wittelsbach Palace, designed by Friedrich von Gärtner, in Munich, which was the royal palace of the last King of Bavaria Ludwig III. Gerlich, a Bavarian nationalist and originally a member of conservative political parties became more liberal in the 1920s, converted to Catholicism, and became a critic of Chancellor Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. He was arrested in 1933 and was murdered at the Dachau concentration camp on the Night of the Long Knives in 1934. The statue "Swapo" now stands at the Munich Catholic Academy (Katholischen Akademie München) in his memory. The inscription reads: "This Lion, 1848, formerly stood in front of Wittelsbach Palace, later used as a center of the Gestapo. Since 1970, the lion "SWAPO" has stood before the Catholic Academy in Munich. It commemorates Catholic publisher Fritz Gerlich, murdered by Nazis at Dachau, July 1, 1934.[16] See: website
- Monument to Christopher Pemberton (d.1870) in St. Margaret's Church (Newton, Cambridgeshire)[17]
- Noble, English monumental masons active in mid-19th-century Cambridgeshire. See: List of monumental masons.
- William Henry Stowe (1 January 1825 – 22 June 1855) died of fever while covering the Crimean War, which was the first war documented by photographic illustrations. A cenotaph was placed in the Oriel College chapel.
- The Elijah P. Lovejoy Monument was established for the U.S. abolitionist journalist Lovejoy (1802 – 1837) in Alton, Illinois.
- A memorial stone to William Cobbett (9 March 1763 – 18 June 1835), an advocate for Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 and modern political reform, in Botley, Hampshire, England.
Gallery of markers
Memorials for individual journalists
-
Memorial for Ernie Pyle at Okinawa -
Memorial for Danny Huwé in Romania
The reused memorial for Fritz Gerlich
-
Wittelsbacher Palais -
Palace plaque -
Swapo -
Swapo plaque -
Dubhlinn Gardens
Gravesites
- The grave of French journalist Victor Noir (1848 – 1870) in the Père_Lachaise_Cemetery, in Paris has become a fertility ritual for the superstitious women who desire a husband or pregnancy. The sculpture is by Jules_Dalou and was completed in 1891.
Gallery of gravesites
The sculpture has been rubbed by the superstitious
-
Victor Noir's tomb -
Noir's tomb is worn
Titles
- President Viktor Yushchenko awarded Gongadze the title Hero of Ukraine on 23 August 2005.[18]
- Title of National Hero of Azerbaijan awarded to journalist Ali Mustafayev
Music
- The musical piece Parting (1947) by Australian composer Peter Sculthorpe was played with a special arrangement in honor of Australian broadcast journalist Andrew Olle (1947 – 1995), who died of a stroke.
Events
- The mixed martial arts event WEC 22 was dedicated in honor of sportscaster Ryan Bennett
- A festival and memorial service is held annually in remembrance of journalist Januarius MacGahan (1844 – 1878). He is remembered in the Bulgarian community for covering the Batak massacre by the Turks in 1876.
Training
- The Reham Al-Farra Memorial Journalists' Fellowship Programme is a training program in memory of the Jordanian journalist who was killed in 2003 Canal Hotel bombing in Baghdad, Iraq.
Memorial websites
- The memorial website for Bill Biggart (1947 – 2001) tells the story about Biggart who died while photographing the attack on the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001. [website
- The memorial website of Fritz Michael Gerlich (15 February 1883 – 30 June 1934), editor-in-chief of Münchner Neueste Nachrichten and Catholic Action, who was a sharp critic of the National Socialist Party during the 1920s and up to his arrest on 30 January 1933. He was sent to Dachau concentration camp and killed during the Night of Long Knives. See: website
Institutes
Films about killed or missing journalists[edit]
- The Killing Fields (released 2 November 1984) -- based on war experiences of Cambodian photojournalist Dith Pran and American journalist Sydney Schanberg. Pran disappeared when the Khmer Rouge came to power and later was able to escape through Thailand.
- Salvador (released February 28, 1986) -- about the Salvadoran Civil War it is loosely based on John Hoagland
- The films Betrayed (1988 film) and Talk Radio (1988 film) were based on the murder of Alan Berg.
- Veronica Guerin (released in Ireland July 11, 2003) -- about the reporting and murder of Irish journalist Veronica Guerin
- A Mighty Heart (June 22, 2007) -- about the kidnapping and murder of Daniel Pearl
- Fort Apache Napoli(released March 20, 2009) -- based on the murder of the Italian crime reporter Giancarlo Siani
- Balibo (released 24 July 2009) -- based on Roger East and the members of the Balibo Five
- Fixer: The Taking of Ajmal Naqshbandi (2009 documentary) -- about Daniele Mastrogiacomo and his Afghan fixer Ajmal Naqshbandi
Plays about killed journalists[edit]
- Steven Dietz's 1988 play God's Country is based on the murder of Alan Berg
Lists of arrested journalists[edit]
Lists of killed journalists[edit]
- The German Wikipedia site has a comprehensive page Liste während der Berufsausübung getöteter Journalisten
- Honduras
- India - Assam
- Mexico
- Pakistan - Balochistan
- Philippines
- Russia
- Somalia
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Turkey
- Ukraine
- United States
Templates[edit]
- {{KoreanWarCorr}} (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953)
- {{IraqWarCorr}} (20 March 2003 – 18 December 2011)
- {{AfghanCorr}} (7 October 2001-present)
- {{Assassinated Russian journalists}}
Categories[edit]
Top Category
Parent categories
Child category
- Category:Journalists killed while covering the Sudan Campaign (1881–1899)
- Category:Journalists killed while covering the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939)
- Category:Journalists killed while covering World War II (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945)
- Category:Journalists killed while covering the Korean War (25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953)
- Category:Journalists killed while covering the Vietnam War (1 November 1955-30 April 1975)
- Category:Journalists killed while covering the Chechen wars (First Chechen War (11 December 1994 – 31 August 1996); Invasion of Dagestan (1999) (August 7, 1999 - September 28, 1999); Second Chechen War (26 August 1999 – May 2000); Insurgency in the North Caucasus (15 April 2009–present))
- Category:Journalists killed while covering the Iraq War (20 March 2003 – 18 December 2011)
- Category:Journalists killed while covering the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) (7 October 2001 – August 2021)
- Category:Journalists killed while covering the Arab Spring
Journalists killed during other military conflicts (No categories)
- Battle of the Little Bighorn (June 25–26, 1876)
- Kuomintang rule in China (1928-1949)
- Greek Civil War (30 March 1946 – 16 October 1949)
- First Indochina War (19 December 1946 and to have lasted until 1 August 1954)
- Suez Crisis (29 October – 7 November 1956)
- Yom Kippur War (October 6–25, 1973)
- Rhodesian Bush War (4 July 1964 – 12 December 1979)
- Nigerian Civil War (6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970)
- Cambodian Civil War (9 October 1970 – 17 April 1975)[19]
- Indonesian invasion of East Timor (7 December 1975 – 17 July 1976)
- Salvadoran Civil War (May 9, 1979 – 16 January 1992)
- Soviet war in Afghanistan (December 24, 1979 – February 15, 1989)
- Thai 1985 Coup
- Nagorno-Karabakh War (20 February 1988 – 16 May 1994)
- Romanian Revolution of 1989 (16–25 December 1989)
- Sierra Leone Civil War (23 March 1991 – 18 January 2002)
- Croatian War of Independence (31 March 1991 – 12 November 1995)
- Civil war in Tajikistan (1992–1997)
- War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) (14 August 1992 – 27 September 1993)
- Second Intifada (September 2000–2004/2005)
- First Ivorian Civil War (19 September 2002 – 4 March 2007)
- 2007 Burmese anti-government protests (15 August 2007)
- 2008 South Ossetia war (7–16 August 2008)
- Gaza Strip (Between 2008 breach of the Gaza–Egypt border in January and February and the Gaza War (December 27, 2008 – January 18, 2009))
- 2010 Thai political protests (12 March – 19 May 2010)
- 2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash (August 3, 2010)
Other articles that include journalists killed worldwide[edit]
Articles[edit]
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Other articles about journalists and security who were not killed
- Siamak Ghaderi
- Mahmoud Abu Zeid (aka Shawkan)
Diversity Project (Off shoot)
- Mustafa Agha (Syrian-born sports broadcast-journalist)
- Robert A. Sengstacke (African American photojournalist and newspaper publisher)
References[edit]
- ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- ^ Geiss, Robin (2010-07-27). "How does international humanitarian law protect journalists in armed-conflict situations?". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- ^ "Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- ^ "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. Part IV : Civilian population. Section III -- Treatment of persons in the power of a party to the conflict. Chapter I -- Field of application and protection of persons and objects". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- ^ "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
- ^ UN Commission on Human Rights, Human Rights Resolution 2005/81: Impunity, 21 April 2005, E/CN.4/RES/2005/81, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/45377c930.html [accessed 14 March 2013]
- ^ "Customary international humanitarian law". International Committee of the Red Cross. 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Henckaerts, J.- M. (2005). "Study on customary international humanitarian law" (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 87 (857): 201. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
- ^ "Journalists Memorial". Newseum. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ "A Memorial for reporters". Prix Bayeux-Calvados des correspondants de guerre. Retrieved 2013-02-14.
- ^ "The French town of Bayeux and Reporters Without Borders inaugurate a journalists memorial on the eve of World Freedom Day". Reporters Without Borders. 2007-05-03. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- ^ "War correspondents' memorial". The Times of India. July 10, 1888. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
- ^ Gongadze Street in Kiev, ForUm (17 June 2005)
- ^ Monument to Gongadze to be opened in Kiev this August, ForUm (28 July 2008 )
- ^ "Ehrenvoller Auftrag für einen Vilsinger". schwaebische.de. 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ Hans-Rudolf Hower (2012). "Misplaced Monuments: The Munich Lion of Liberty". Retrieved 2013-02-12.
- ^ Pevsner, Nikolaus (1970). "Cambridgeshire". The Buildings of England (2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 443.
- ^ (in Ukrainian) Presidential decree awarding title Hero of Ukraine, Official Verkhovna Rada website
- ^ http://www.rfa.org/english/blog/cambodiablog/tribute-to-war-photographers-07202009152620.html