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Lenin Monument (Berlin)[edit]
The Lenin Monument (German: Lenin-Denkmal) was a monument to Vladimir Lenin in East Berlin created by the Soviet Russian sculptor Nikolai Tomsky. It was inaugurated on April 19, 1970 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Lenin's birth. After German reunification, the district council of Friedrichshain voted for its removal despite demonstrations and petitions from neighborhood residents and preservationists.[1] The demolition process began in November 1991, and by February 1992 the monument was completely dismantled and its fragments buried on the outskirts of Berlin.[2] In 2015, the head of the statue was excavated, and since 2016 it has been on display at Berlin’s Spandau Citadel as part of a permanent exhibition of Berlin political monuments.[3]
Background[edit]
The monument was created by Nikolai Tomsky, a Soviet Russian sculptor who is responsible for a number of monumental statues dedicated to Russian historical figures, including several monuments to Lenin.[4] At the time of the monument’s unveiling, Tomsky was the President of the Surikov Art Institute in Moscow.[5] Tomsky later served as President of the USSR Academy of Arts from 1968 to 1983.[4] Local artists objected to the choice of Tomsky to complete the commission, drawing comparisons between the monumental style he specialized in and Nazi-era aesthetics.[3]
The 19-meter tall statue was carved from Ukrainian red granite and was erected in front of a newly-constructed housing project in Friedrichshain designed by prominent architect Hermann Henselmann.[3] The plaza where the monument was placed, Lenin Square (German: Leninplatz), was previously dedicated in 1950.[6] The front side of the monument depicted Lenin standing in front of a flag; the opposite side featured a relief of German and Soviet workers shaking hands.[1]
Dedication[edit]
The dedication ceremony took place on April 19, 1970 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Lenin’s birth, and was attended by 200,000 people. East German leader Walter Ulbricht and Soviet Ambassador Peter Abrassimov both made speeches, with Abrassimov referring to the monument as a symbol of East German and Soviet unity.[1]
Debate and Removal[edit]
After the reunification of Germany in 1989, the monument became the subject of controversy. Vandals frequently targeted the monument and in early 1991 the city council of Berlin removed the statue from the list of officially protected monuments.[7] Then, on September 19, 1991, the district council of Friedrichshain voted to dismantle the monument.[1]
Supporters of the monument included art students, town planners, preservationists, local residents, and left-wing political parties. They argued that the statue should be preserved as a reminder of history, and that the removal of the monument without input from the community was an authoritarian overreach by the government.[1] To demonstrate their opposition to the monument’s removal, they circulated petitions, staged peaceful protests, and held vigils.[7] Tomsky’s widow also unsuccessfully challenged the monument’s removal in court.[1]
Those in favor of removing the monument criticized the historical legacy of Lenin and characterized the statue’s demolition as a continuation of the revolution of 1989. The mayor of Berlin at the time, Eberhard Diepgen, called the demolition the end of a “despot and murderer.”[7]
The dismantling process officially began on November 8, 1991, the eve of the second anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.[2] Removing the monument cost 500,000 DM and was made difficult by the size and weight of the statue.[1] The monument was completely removed by February 1992 and buried in 129 pieces in a wooded area outside Berlin.[2]
After the monument was removed, Lenin Square was renamed United Nations Square (German: Platz der Vereinten Nationen).[2] A small fountain was installed where the base of the statue stood that consisted of a cluster of granite rocks representing the seven continents.[3]
Exhibition[edit]
In 2009, the Spandau Citadel requested permission from the Berlin City Council to excavate the head of the monument. The council initially refused, then later reversed its decision and in September 2015 the head was unearthed. Since April 2016 it has been displayed at the Citadel as part of the permanent exhibition ‘Unveiled: Berlin and Its Monuments.'[5]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^ a b c d e f g Saunders, Anna (2018). Memorializing the GDR: Monuments and Memory after 1989 (1 ed.). Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78920-801-6. JSTOR j.ctvw04jpp.
- ^ a b c d Bertelè, Matteo (2007). "Farewell Lenin – good-bye Nikolai: two attitudes towards Soviet heritage in former East Berlin". Art History & Criticism. ISSN 1822-4547.
- ^ a b c d ""Unveiled: Berlin and Its Monuments"". www.artforum.com. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ a b Paramonov, A. V. (2003). "Tomsky, Nikolay". Grove Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T085554. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
- ^ a b Segal, Joes (2016). Art and Politics: Between Purity and Propaganda. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-94-6298-178-2. JSTOR j.ctt1d4tzdz.
- ^ Azaryahu, Maoz (2021-03-08). An Everlasting Name: Cultural Remembrance and Traditions of Onymic Commemoration. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-072302-1.
- ^ a b c Niven, B.; Paver, C. (2009-12-18). Memorialization in Germany since 1945. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-24850-2.