User:Mr.BuriramCN/Rail transport in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Country Photo of train Track gauge Related article Description
 Albania 1435 Rail transport in Albania The railways in Albania are administered by the national railway company Hekurudha Shqiptare (HSH) (which means Albanian Railways). It operates a 1435 gauge (standard gauge) rail system in Albania. All trains are hauled by Czech-built ČKD diesel-electric locomotives. The system is considered by many travel guides as a tourist attraction and de facto a panoramic train journey.
 Andorra Transport in Andorra Andorra has no railways, although the line connecting Latour-de-Carol and Toulouse, which in turn connects to France's TGVs at Toulouse, runs within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the Andorran border. Two stations in France are connected by bus to Andorra la Vella — L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre (served by the SNCF) and Latour-de-Carol, served by both SNCF's line to Toulouse and Spain's (RENFE's) line to Barcelona.[1][2]
 Armenia 1520 Armenian Railways The Armenian Railways (Armenian: Հարավկովկասյան Երկաթուղի, Haravkovkasyan Yerkat’ughi) is the national rail operator in Armenia. The 845 km (525 mi), 1520 gauge network is electrified at 3 kV DC.

The operating environment has deteriorated since the collapse of the Soviet Union. According to the World Bank, Armenian Railways is in dramatic need of major investment, including the replacement of rolling stock, rehabilitation of the main line between Yerevan and the Georgian border, renewal of electrification and bridge reconstruction. Rail transport is slow and unreliable, and traffic remains low compared to European countries with similar sized networks, amounting to only 2.6 million tons of freight and 0.85 million passengers in 2004.[3]

 Austria 1,435 mm Rail transport in Austria Rail transport in Austria is mainly owned by the national rail company ÖBB. The railway network consists of 6,123 km, its gauge is 1,435 mm (Standard gauge) and 3,523 km are electrified.

Austria is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Austria is 81.

 Azerbaijan 1520 Rail transport in Azerbaijan Rail transport in Azerbaijan is operated by the national state-owned railway company Azerbaijan Railways (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Dəmir Yolları). The railway network consists of 2,918 km (1,813 mi), its gauge is 1520 (Russian broad gauge), 815 km (506 mi) are double track and 1,272 km (790 mi) are electrified at 3 kV (3,000 V) DC.[4]
 Belarus 1,520 mm Rail transport in Belarus Rail transport in Belarus is owned by the national rail company BŽD / BČ (be: Bielaruskaja Čyhunka / ru: Belorusskaja Železnaja Doroga). The railway network consists of 5,512 km, its gauge is 1,520 mm (Russian broad gauge) and 874 km are electrified.
 Belgium 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in Belgium Belgium has an extensive rail network. It is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Belgium is 88.

In 2003, the network constituted 3,518 km of railways, all of which were standard gauge: 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge. Of all of those railways, 2,631 km were also electrified. Most electrified Belgian lines use a 3,000 volt d.c. overhead power supply, but the high speed-lines are electrified at 25 kV AC, as are recent electrifications in the south of the country (Rivage - Gouvy and Dinant - Athus lines).

Trains in Belgium normally run on the left hand track. This is in contrast to road vehicles, which drive on the right hand side of the road and is evidence of the British involvement in building the rail network in the 19th century.

The railway network is controlled and maintained by Infrabel, a subsidiary of SNCB Holding.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina Rail transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina Railway operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina are successors of the Yugoslav Railways within the country boundaries following independence from the Former Yugoslavia in 1992.

The two companies operating services (in their respective divisions following the Dayton Agreement) are:

Railways of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Railways of Republika Srpska have been members of International Union of Railways (UIC) since 1992 and 1998, respectively. They were assigned separate UIC Country Code, 44 for the Republika Srpska and 50 for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The new code for Bosnia and Herzegovina is 49.

 Bulgaria Bulgarian State Railways The Bulgarian State Railways (Bulgarian: Български държавни железници, Balgarski darzhavni zheleznitsi, abbreviated as БДЖ, BDZ or BDŽ) are Bulgaria's state railway company and the largest railway carrier in the country, established as an entity in 1885. The company's headquarters are located in the capital Sofia. Since the 1990s the BDŽ has met serious competition from automotive transport. For the period 1994 to 2010 there is significant drop in the market share in the passenger and freight services and the lack of competent management worsens the situation.

Up to 2002 the company owned managed the railway infrastructure in the country, when according to EU regulations a new state company, the National Railway Infrastructure Company, was founded and became the owner of the infrastructure.

Bulgaria is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Bulgaria is 52.

 Croatia Croatian Railways Croatian Railways (Croatian: Hrvatske željeznice, HŽ) is the national railway company of Croatia. It was formed after the dissolution of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav Railways.

Croatia is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Croatia is 78.

 Cyprus 30 Cyprus Government Railway The Cyprus Government Railway was a 30 narrow gauge railway network that operated in Cyprus from October 1905 to December 1951. With a total length of 76 miles (122 km), there were 39 stations, stops and halts, the most prominent of which served Famagusta, Prastio Mesaoria, Angastina, Trachoni, Nicosia, Kokkinotrimithia, Morphou, Kalo Chorio and Evrychou. The CGR was closed down due to financial reasons. An extension of the railway which was built to serve the Cyprus Mines Corporation operated until 1974.[5]
 Czech Republic 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in the Czech Republic Rail transport in the Czech Republic carried 162.906 million passengers and 68.37 million tonnes of cargo in the year 2009.[6] The majority of passenger services run nowadays are operated by the state company České dráhy (Czech Railways), which until 2007 also managed cargo services now run by ČD Cargo. In 2009 the country had 9,420km of standard gauge track, 3,153km of which is electrified.[6] The network has same gauge links to all four countries bordering the Czech Republic (Slovakia, Austria, Germany and Poland) with passenger services to all four countries in operation. Major hubs for international passenger services on the network are in Prague, Ostrava and Břeclav,[7] and the busiest station (by number of passengers) is Praha hlavní nádraží.
 Denmark 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in Denmark The rail transport system in Denmark consists of about 2,600 km of railway lines,[8] of which only the Copenhagen S-train network and the main line Helsingør-Copenhagen-Padborg (at the German border) are electrified. Most traffic is passenger trains,[9] although there is considerable transit goods traffic between Sweden and Germany.
 Estonia 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
1,524 mm (5 ft) 		Rail transport in Estonia The rail transport system in Estonia consists of about 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) of railway lines, of which 900 kilometres (560 mi) are currently in public use. The infrastructure of the railway network is mostly owned by the state and is regulated and surveyed by the Estonian Railway Inspectorate (Estonian: Raudteeinspektsioon).
 Finland 1,524 mm (5 ft) Rail transport in Finland The Finnish railway network consists of a total of 5,919 km of railways built with 1524 Russian gauge track. Passenger trains are operated by the private state-owned VR Group. They serve all the major cities and many rural areas, though railway connections are available to fewer places than bus connections. Most passenger train services originate or terminate at Helsinki Central railway station, and a large proportion of the passenger rail network radiates out of Helsinki. VR also operates freight services. Maintenance and construction of the railway network itself is the responsibility of the Finnish Rail Administration, which is a part of the Finnish Transport Agency (Finnish: Liikennevirasto). The network is divided in six areal centres, that manage the use and maintenance of the routes in co-operation. Cargo yards and large stations may have their own signalling systems.
 France 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in France Rail transport in France is mostly operated by SNCF, the French national railway company. France has the second largest European railway network, with a total of 29,901 kilometers of railway.[10] However, the railway system is a small portion of total travel, accounting for less than 10% of passenger travel.[11]
 Georgia (country) 1520 Georgian Railways Georgian Railway LLC (Georgian: საქართველოს რკინიგზა, Sakartvelos Rkinigza) is the national rail company of the country of Georgia.

A vital artery linking the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, it sits on the shortest route between Europe and Central Asia.[12] Built to 1520 standard Russian gauge, at present the fully electrified mainline of the Georgian Railway is 1323.9 km in length, consisting of 1422 bridges, 32 tunnels, 22 passenger and 114 freight stations.[13]

 Germany 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in Germany As of 2005, Germany had a railway network of 41,315 km of which 19,857 km were electrified. The total track length was 76,473 km. Germany is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Germany is 80.
 Greece Railways of Greece The railways of Greece have a history which begin in 1869, with the completion of the then Athens & Piraeus Railway, with parts of it also becoming the second-oldest underground metro system in the world.

Greece is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Greece is 73.

 Hungary 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Hungarian State Railways Hungarian State Railways ([Magyar Államvasutak or MÁV] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is the Hungarian national railway company, with divisions "MÁV Start Zrt" (passenger transport) and "MÁV Cargo Zrt" (freight transport).[14]

Hungary is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Hungary is 55.

 Iceland Rail transport in Iceland Iceland does not have a public railway system. There have been three small railways, but none became part of the public transport network.
 Ireland 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Rail transport in Ireland Heavy Rail services in Ireland (Intercity, Commuter and Freight) are provided by Iarnród Éireann in the Republic of Ireland and by Northern Ireland Railways in Northern Ireland.

Most routes in the Republic of Ireland radiate from Dublin. Northern Ireland has suburban routes from Belfast and two main intercity lines, to Derry and cross-border to Dublin.

 Italy 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge Rail transport in Italy The Italian railway system is one of the most important parts of the infrastructure of Italy, with a total length[15] of 24,227 km (15,054 mi).[16] The network is recently growing with the construction of the new high speed rail network.

Italy is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Italy is 83.

 Kazakhstan 1520
1435 		Qazaqstan Temir Zholy Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ; Kazakh: Қазақстан Темiр Жолы (ҚТЖ)), also National Company Kazakhstan Temir Zholy, is the national railway company of Kazakhstan.

The current rail network is based on the inheritance from the former Soviet Union and as such has a broad gauge of 1520. While this provides a smooth transit at international borders to countries of the former Soviet Union, the railway in China has the standard gauge of 1435; thus there is a break-of-gauge at the eastern borders at Dostyk and at Korgas.[17]

 Latvia 1520 Rail transport in Latvia Rail transport in Latvia is done on 1520 Russian gauge. The main railway company is Latvijas dzelzceļš.

Historically Latvia had lot of different rail gauges, most notably 1435 standard gauge and 750 narrow gauge.

 Liechtenstein Rail transport in Liechtenstein Liechtenstein's railway is operated by the Austrian Federal Railways. The railway only incidentally serves stations in Liechtenstein, and is an exception to the more usual co-operation with Switzerland, such as Liechteinstein's use of the Swiss franc as its currency and its common customs area with its western neighbour.
 Lithuania 1520 Lithuanian Railways Lithuanian Railways (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Geležinkeliai) is the national, state-owned railway company of Lithuania. It operates most railway lines in the country.

Lithuanian Railways' main network consists of 1749 km of 1520 broad gauge railway of which 122 km are electrified. They also operate 22 km of standard gauge lines. A 179 km 750 narrow gauge network, listed as an object of cultural heritage, was split into a separate company Aukštaitijos Siaurasis Geležinkelis in 2001. 68 km of narrow gauge, serving five stations, are regularly used, employing 12 locomotives.

 Luxembourg 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois The Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois (Luxembourg National Railway Company, abbreviated CFL) is the national railway company of Luxembourg. In 2005, it carried approximately 14.1 million passengers and 11.7 million tonnes of goods.[18] The company employs 3,090 people, making CFL the country's seventh-largest corporate employer.[19]

The Luxembourg rail system comprises 275 route-kilometres, of which 140 km is double track and 135 km single track. Of the total track length of 617 km, 574 km are electrified. The majority of the electrified track (526 km) is operated at 25 kV, 50 Hz, though some 48 km are run at 3 kV DC.

 Macedonia 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Makedonski Železnici Makedonski Železnici (MŽ) (Македонски Железници, Macedonian Railways) is the public enterprise for railway infrastructure in the Republic of Macedonia.

The Republic of Macedonia is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for the Republic of Macedonia is 65.

Macedonian Railways operates 1435 gauge (standard gauge) rail tracks in Macedonia and maintains 925 km (575 mi) of lines, 315 km (196 mi) of which are electrified with a 25 kV 50 Hz AC system.

 Malta 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Malta Railway The Malta Railway consisted of a single railway line from Valletta to Mdina and was the only railway line ever on the island of Malta. It was a single track line in metre-gauge, operating from 1883 to 1931.
 Moldova 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) 		Calea Ferată din Moldova CFM (Calea Ferată din Moldova, which means ″Moldovan Railway″ in Romanian) is the only railway operator in the Republic of Moldova, that is responsible for passenger and cargo transportation, as well as the railway infrastructure maintenance, within the country. It is the successor of MZhD, a subdivision of the USSR railway. The total length of the network managed by CFM (as of 2009) is 1232 km, of which 1218 km is 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) (broad gauge), and 14 km is 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge). The entire network is single track and is not electrified. It borders the Romanian railway network, 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) break-of-gauge, on the west, and the Ukrainian one on the east.
 Monaco Rail transport in Monaco The Principality of Monaco has a single railway station (Monaco-Monte Carlo) on the Marseille–Ventimiglia railway line.[20][21] The station was originally opened in 1867, but extensively rebuilt in 1999.[22] The length of railway within the Principality is 1.7 km (1.1 mi).[20] This means Monaco has the second smallest railway system in the World.[23]
 Montenegro 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in Montenegro Rail transport in Montenegro is operated by four separate companies, which independently handle railway infrastructure, passenger transport, cargo transport and maintenance of the rolling stock. The four companies were a part of public company Railways of Montenegro (Montenegrin: Željeznica Crne Gore / Жељезница Црне Горе (ŽCG)) until it was split up in 2008.

Montenegro is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Montenegro is 62.

 Netherlands 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in the Netherlands Rail transport in the Netherlands utilises a 2809 km long network maintained by ProRail and operated by a number of different operators. The entire network is standard gauge.

The Netherlands is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for the Netherlands is 84.

 Norway 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in Norway The Norwegian railway system comprises 4,087 km of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (standard gauge) track of which 2,622 km is electrified and 242 km double track. There are 696 tunnels and 2760 bridges.

Jernbaneverket is a state owned agency which builds and maintains all railway tracks, while other companies operate them. These companies include Norges Statsbaner, NSB Anbud, CargoNet, Flytoget, Hector Rail, Tågåkeriet and Ofotbanen.

Norway is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Norway is 76.

 Poland 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Rail transport in Poland The Polish railways network consists of around 19,599 kilometres (12,178 mi) of track as of 2008, of which the vast majority is electrified at 3 kV DC overhead.

Poland is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC): its UIC Country Code is 51.

 Portugal 1668
1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge 		Rail transport in Portugal Several companies provide rail transport in Portugal.

Portugal is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Portugal is 94. There are rail links with Spain, which uses the same gauge.

 Romania Rail transport in Romania The first railway in the Kingdom of Romania opened in 1869 and linked Bucharest and Giurgiu. The first railway on current Romanian territory opened in 1854, between Oraviţa and Baziaş in Banat, however that region was under the administration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time.

Since then, the Romanian railway network has been significantly expanded, and is now the fourth largest in Europe by total track length, comprising 22,298 km (13,855 mi).[24] Of these, some 8,585 km are electrified. The route length is 10,788 km.[25]

 Russia Rail transport in Russia Rail transport in Russia has been called an economic wonder of the 19th, 20th, and 21st century.[26] In length of track Russian railroads are second globally to the railways of the United States. In volume of freight hauled, they are third behind the United States and China, using the standard measure of ton-kilometers. In overall density of operations (here the standard measure is (freight ton-kilometers + passenger-kilometers)/length of track)) Russia is second only to China.
 San Marino Transport in San Marino For a few years prior to World War II, San Marino had a railway network consisting of a single line, connecting the country with the Italian rail network at Rimini railway station. Due to difficulties in accessing the capital, San Marino City (which has a mountain-top location), the terminus station was to be located at the village of Valdragone. However with a joint effort between San Marino and Italy the railway was extended to reach the capital through a steep and winding track comprising many tunnels. The railway was opened on 12 June 1932.[27]
 Serbia 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) Serbian Railways Serbian Railways ([Железнице Србије / Železnice Srbije] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is the national railway company of Serbia. Serbian Railways is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Serbia is 72.
 Slovakia 1520
1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) 		Rail transport in Slovakia Rail transport in Slovakia began on 21 September 1840, with the opening of the first horse-powered line from Bratislava to Svätý Jur (at that time in Kingdom of Hungary). The first steam powered line, from Bratislava to Vienna, opened on 20 August 1848.

The modern Železnice Slovenskej republiky company was established in 1993 as a successor of the Československé státní drahy in Slovakia. Until 1996 it had formal monopoly on railroad transportation in the country, which remained a de facto monopoly until the advent of private operators entering the network in the early 2010s. Private passenger service operators include RegioJet, which operate trains between Prague (Czech Republic) and Žilina and on the Komárno - Dunajská Streda - Bratislava route.[28] There are plans to win more tenders in Slovakia.[29]

 Slovenia Slovenian Railways Slovenian Railways (Slovene: Slovenske železnice, SŽ) is the state railway company of Slovenia, created in 1991 from the Ljubljana division of the former Yugoslav Railways after the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Slovenia is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Slovenia is 79.

 Spain 1668
1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
1
914 		Rail transport in Spain Rail transport in Spain operates on four rail gauges and services are operated by a variety of private and public operators. The total route length in 2008 was 15,288 km (8,847 km electrified):[30]

Most railways are operated by RENFE; metre and narrow-gauge lines are operated by FEVE and other carriers in individual autonomous communities. It is proposed and planned to build or convert more lines to standard gauge,[31] including some dual gauging of broad-gauge lines, especially where these lines link to France, including platforms to be heightened.

Spain is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Spain is 71.

 Sweden 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
891 		Rail transport in Sweden Rail transport in Sweden uses a network of 13,000 km of track, the 21st largest in the world. Construction of the first railway line in Sweden began in 1855. The major operator is the state-owned SJ AB.

Sweden is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Sweden is 74.

  Switzerland 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge
800 mm (2 ft 7+1⁄2 in)
750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) 		Rail transport in Switzerland The Swiss rail network is noteworthy for its density,[32][33] its coordination between services, its integration with other modes of transport,[34][35] and a thriving domestic and trans-alp freight system. This is made necessary by strong regulations on truck transport,[36] and is enabled by properly coordinated intermodal logistics.[37] Switzerland is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Switzerland is 85.[38]
 Turkey 1,435 mm / 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in Rail transport in Turkey Turkey has a well-developed, state-owned railway system built to standard gauge (1,435 mm / 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) which falls under the remit of the Ministry of Transport and Communication. The primary rail carrier is the Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları (TCDD) (Turkish State Railways) which is responsible for all long-distance and cross-border freight and passenger trains. A number of other companies operate suburban passenger trains in urban conurbations.
 Ukraine Ukrainian Railways Ukrzaliznytsia (Ukrainian: Укрзалізниця), also known as Ukrainian Railways, is the State Administration of Railroad Transportation in Ukraine, a monopoly that controls vast majority of the railroad transportation in the country[39] with a combined total length of track of over 23,000 km, which makes the Ukrainian railroad network the 14th largest in the world. Ukrzaliznytsia is also the world's 6th largest rail passenger transporter and world's 7th largest freight transporter.
 United Kingdom Rail transport in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and previously consisted of Great Britain and the whole of Ireland. Rail transport systems developed independently on the two islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and most of the railway construction in the Republic of Ireland was undertaken before independence in 1922. Thus, the logical division to discuss the history and present-day state of railways in these areas is by geographical division, rather than the political division of nation states.

United Kingdom is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for United Kingdom is 70.

Furthermore, there are rail systems in two Crown Dependencies:

  • Rail transport in the Isle of Man: discusses rail transport on the Isle of Man, which has the largest narrow gauge railway network in the British Isles with several historic railways and tramways still in operation.
  • Rail transport in Alderney: discusses the railway in Alderney, in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the only working railway in the Channel Islands.
 Vatican City 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge Rail transport in Vatican City Rail transport in Vatican City consists of two 300-metre sets of rail tracks and two freight sidings within Vatican City (named Vatican Railway, Ferrovia Vaticana), the shortest national railway system in the world, with only one station.[40] Access to Italian rail lines was guaranteed by the Lateran Treaty (1929), and tracks and station were constructed during the reign of Pope Pius XI. The only station is referred to as Vatican City (officially: Città del Vaticano, also named Stazione Vaticana).

Most railway traffic consists of freight good importation, although the railway has occasionally carried passengers, usually for symbolic or ceremonial reasons.[41][42]

References[edit]

  1. ^ SNCF Map
  2. ^ Google map
  3. ^ "Armenia". World Bank. 2006-03-06. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
  4. ^ "Azerbaijan Railways". Indexmundi. 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  5. ^ Davey, Eileen. Northern Cyprus: A Traveller's Guide. I. B. Tauris. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-85043-747-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ a b České dráhy Group, Statistical Yearbook 2009, available online on www.cd.cz
  7. ^ Komarek, Jan. "Cross-city line will transform Praha". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  8. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook -- Denmark". CIA. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  9. ^ "Jernbanen i tal". Banedanmark. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference RFF_Statistics was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Transport in France". International Transport Statistics Database. iRAP. Retrieved 2009-02-17.[dead link]
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference GRHist was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Georgian Railway - About Us". Georgian Railway LLC. Retrieved 2008-08-23. [dead link]
  14. ^ "Viharos vasúteladások (Hungarian)".
  15. ^ Total length of tracks: double tracks are counted twice.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference rete_rfi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ "Second China – Kazakh link inaugurated". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  18. ^ "Rapport annuel 2005" (PDF) (in French). Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois. 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Principal employers in Luxembourg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b "SNCF en Monaco". Gare de Monaco. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
  21. ^ "SNCF Trains & Railways on the Côte d'Azur - AngloINFO Monaco (France)". Monaco.angloinfo.com. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
  22. ^ "SNCF en Principauté". Gare de Monaco. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
  23. ^ "CIA - The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-04.
  24. ^ "Reteaua feroviara" (in Romanian). cfr.to. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
  25. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2121.html?countryName=Romania&countryCode=ro&regionCode=eu&#ro
  26. ^ Intro adapted from Russell Pittman, "Blame the Switchman? Russian Railways Restructuring After Ten Years," working paper, Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice, 2011. Blame the Switchman? Russian Railways Restructuring After Ten Years
  27. ^ Internacia Fervojisto (International Railways), 2005.6, p85. In Esperanto
  28. ^ "Railway Gazette: Slovak passenger market starts to open". Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  29. ^ "Czech Republic, Slovakia: RegioJet to operate more routes in Slovakia?". Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  30. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Spain
  31. ^ Verkehrsrundschau, 2007-04-30
  32. ^ 3000km for 41 000km2, p.6 http://www.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/ce/rt/19xx/07/WCTR-070501j.pdf
  33. ^ http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Rail_network_modernises_to_stay_on_track.html?cid=33124756
  34. ^ http://goeurope.about.com/od/switzerland/a/swiss_passes.htm
  35. ^ http://www.gemut.com/switzerland-transportation/70-switzerlands-trains-boats-buses.html
  36. ^ Section 'Rail transport policy': http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Railway_upgrades_include_no_fast_track.html?cid=8540784
  37. ^ Anitra Green (2012-09-20), "Swiss operators optimise short-haul railfreight", International Railway Journal
  38. ^ "UIC country codes, 920-14" (xls). Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  39. ^ Except for intra-company industrial railways, local military railways and municipal Metro systems.
  40. ^ Korn, Frank J. 2000. A Catholic's Guide to Rome: Discovering the Soul of the Eternal City. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-3926-X. p. 49.
  41. ^ Walsh, Michael J. 2005. Roman Catholicism: The Basics. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26380-8. p. 95.
  42. ^ Garwood, Duncan. 2006. Rome. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-710-9. p. 141.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr.BuriramCN/Rail_transport_in_Europe&oldid=791854534"