User:Mr. Ibrahem/Cerebral palsy
Mr. Ibrahem/Cerebral palsy | |
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A child with cerebral palsy being assessed by a physician | |
Specialty | Pediatrics, neurology, physiatry |
Symptoms | Poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, tremors[1] |
Complications | Seizures, intellectual disability[1] |
Usual onset | Early childhood[1] |
Duration | Lifelong[1] |
Causes | Often unknown[1] |
Risk factors | Preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections during pregnancy, difficult delivery[1] |
Diagnostic method | Based on child's development[1] |
Treatment | Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, external braces, orthopedic surgery[1] |
Medication | Diazepam, baclofen, botulinum toxin[1] |
Frequency | 2.1 per 1,000[2] |
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood.[1] Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time.[1][3] Often, symptoms include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors.[1] There may be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, swallowing, and speaking.[1] Often, babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over, sit, crawl or walk as early as other children of their age.[1] Other symptoms include seizures and problems with thinking or reasoning, which each occur in about one third of people with CP.[1] While symptoms may get more noticeable over the first few years of life, underlying problems do not worsen over time.[1]
Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture.[1][4] Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy; however, they may also occur during childbirth or shortly after birth.[1] Often, the cause is unknown.[1] Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections during pregnancy such as toxoplasmosis or rubella, exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life, among others.[1] About 2% of cases are believed to be due to an inherited genetic cause.[5] A number of sub-types are classified based on the specific problems present.[1] For example, those with stiff muscles have spastic cerebral palsy, those with poor coordination have ataxic cerebral palsy and those with writhing movements have athetoid cerebral palsy.[1] Diagnosis is based on the child's development over time.[1] Blood tests and medical imaging may be used to rule out other possible causes.[1]
CP is partly preventable through immunization of the mother and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as through improved safety.[1] There is no known cure for CP; however, supportive treatments, medications and surgery may help many individuals.[1] This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy.[1] Medications such as diazepam, baclofen and botulinum toxin may help relax stiff muscles.[1] Surgery may include lengthening muscles and cutting overly active nerves.[1] Often, external braces and other assistive technology are helpful.[1] Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment.[1] While alternative medicines are frequently used, there is no evidence to support their use.[1]
Cerebral palsy is the most common movement disorder in children.[6] It occurs in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births.[2] Cerebral palsy has been documented throughout history, with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE.[7] Extensive study of the condition began in the 19th century by William John Little, after whom spastic diplegia was called "Little's disease".[7] William Osler first named it "cerebral palsy" from the German zerebrale Kinderlähmung (cerebral child-paralysis).[8] A number of potential treatments are being examined, including stem cell therapy.[1] However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "Cerebral Palsy: Hope Through Research". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. July 2013. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- ^ a b Oskoui, M; Coutinho, F; Dykeman, J; Jetté, N; Pringsheim, T (Jun 2013). "An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 55 (6): 509–19. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12080. PMID 23346889.
- ^ Haak, Peterson; Lenski, Madeleine; Hidecker, Mary Jo Cooley; Li, Min; Paneth, Nigel (October 2009). "Cerebral palsy and aging". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 51: 16–23. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03428.x. PMC 4183123. PMID 19740206.
- ^ "Cerebral Palsy: Overview". National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
- ^ "CEREBRAL PALSY, SPASTIC QUADRIPLEGIC, 1; CPSQ1". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
- ^ "How many people are affected?". National Institutes of Health. 5 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
- ^ a b Panteliadis, C; Panteliadis, P; Vassilyadi, F (Apr 2013). "Hallmarks in the history of cerebral palsy: from antiquity to mid-20th century". Brain & Development. 35 (4): 285–92. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.05.003. PMID 22658818.
- ^ "What is cerebral palsy?". The Cerebral Palsied Association of the Philippines Inc. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.