User:Mr. Ibrahem/Esophageal achalasia
| Esophageal achalasia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Cardiospasm,[1] esophageal aperistalsis,[1] megaesophagus,[1] achalasia cardiae, achalasia |
 | |
| A chest X-ray showing achalasia (arrows point to the outline of the massively dilated esophagus) | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Thoracic surgery, general surgery |
| Symptoms | Difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, chest pain[1] |
| Complications | Weight loss, aspiration pneumonia, esophageal cancer[1][3] |
| Usual onset | 25 to 60 yrs old[1] |
| Causes | Unknown, Chagas disease, Down's, triple-A syndrome, achalasia microcephaly[4][5][6] |
| Diagnostic method | Manometry, barium swallow, endoscopy[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | GERD, esophageal cancer[6][4] |
| Treatment | Medications (nifedipine, botox), esophageal dilatation, surgery[3] |
| Frequency | 2.5 per 100,000[6] |
Esophageal achalasia, often called simply achalasia, is a failure of the smooth muscle in the lower esophageal sphincter to relax and open.[3] Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, and chest pain.[1] Onset is generally gradual.[1] Complications may include weight loss, aspiration pneumonia, and esophageal cancer.[1][3]
Generally the cause is unknown;[6] though some cases occur due to Chagas disease, Down's, triple-A syndrome, or achalasia microcephaly.[4][5] Some cases may occur within families.[1] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve failure of esophageal nerves resulting in abnormal contraction of the esophagus.[3][4] Diagnosis is supported by manometry, barium swallow, and endoscopy.[3] It is an esophageal motility disorder.[6]
A number of measures may improve the condition.[3] Options may include medications such as nifedipine or botox; procedures such as esophageal dilatation; and surgery such as a Heller myotomy or per-oral endoscopic myotomy.[3][7] Following surgery GERD may occur.[1]
Achalasia generally affects about 2 to 3 per 100,000 people.[6] Onset is usually in those 25 to 60 years old; most commonly around the age of 50.[1][4] Males and females are affected with similar frequency.[1] In Brazil the condition may affect as many as 0.8% of people due to Chagas disease.[6] The term is from the Greek a- meaning "lack" and -khalasis meaning "relaxation".[8]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Achalasia". Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-09-27.
- ^ "ACHALASIA | Definition of ACHALASIA by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of ACHALASIA". web.archive.org. 27 June 2021. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Achalasia". nhs.uk. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Schlottmann, F; Neto, RML; Herbella, FAM; Patti, MG (1 April 2018). "Esophageal Achalasia: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Evaluation". The American surgeon. 84 (4): 467–472. PMID 29712590.
- ^ a b Gockel HR, Schumacher J, Gockel I, Lang H, Haaf T, Nöthen MM (October 2010). "Achalasia: will genetic studies provide insights?". Human Genetics. 128 (4): 353–364. doi:10.1007/s00439-010-0874-8. PMID 20700745. S2CID 583462.
- ^ a b c d e f g Schlottmann, F; Patti, MG (July 2018). "Esophageal achalasia: current diagnosis and treatment". Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology. 12 (7): 711–721. doi:10.1080/17474124.2018.1481748. PMID 29804476.
- ^ Costantini, M; Salvador, R; Costantini, A (July 2022). "Esophageal Achalasia: Pros and Cons of the Treatment Options". World journal of surgery. 46 (7): 1554–1560. doi:10.1007/s00268-022-06495-z. PMID 35238987.
- ^ Mari, A; Patel, K; Mahamid, M; Khoury, T; Pesce, M (28 January 2019). "Achalasia: Insights into Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances for an Ancient Disease". Rambam Maimonides medical journal. 10 (1). doi:10.5041/RMMJ.10361. PMID 30720423.