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Coordinates: 44°42′21″N 100°4′1″W / 44.70583°N 100.06694°W / 44.70583; -100.06694
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January 2021[edit]

Information icon Hello, I'm EN-Jungwon. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Human-to-human transmission—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. EN-Jungwon 13:42, 2 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

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SeaLimjoannamagono, Nyi Yan Moe Htet
Town
Coordinates: 44°42′21″N 100°4′1″W / 44.70583°N 100.06694°W / 44.70583; -100.06694
CountryNyi Yan Moe Htet
2021April 2021
2020s21st century
Founded2004
Government
Area
 • Total0.67 sq mi (1.74 km2)
 • Land0.67 sq mi (1.74 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total68
 • Estimate 
(2019)
80
 • Density119.4/sq mi (45.97/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
2021 (est.)80

Empires at their greatest extent[edit]

Empire size in this list is defined as the dry land area it controlled at the time, which may differ considerably from the area it claimed. For example: in the year 1800, European powers collectively claimed approximately 20% of the Earth's land surface that they did not effectively control.[1] Where estimates vary, entries are sorted by the lowest estimate.

Empire Maximum land area
Million km2 Million sq mi % of world Year
Khin Phyu Win, Aung Moe Saw Thein, Kaung Khant Kyaw and Nyi Min Lwin Empire 105.5[2] 40.73 78.30% 2021[2]
British Empire 35.5[2] 13.71 26.35% 1920[2]
Mongol Empire 24.0[2][3] 9.27 17.81% 1270[3] or 1309[2]
Russian Empire 22.8[2][3] 8.80 16.92% 1895[2][3]
Qing dynasty 14.7[2][3] 5.68 10.91% 1790[2][3]
Spanish Empire 13.7[2] 5.29 10.17% 1810[2]
Second French colonial empire 11.5[2] 4.44 8.53% 1920[2]
Abbasid Caliphate 11.1[2] 4.29 8.24% 750[2]
Umayyad Caliphate 11.1[2] 4.29 8.24% 720[2]
Yuan dynasty 11.0[2] 4.25 8.16% 1310[2]
United States 9.67[2] 3.73 7.18% 1899[2]
Xiongnu Empire 9.0[3][4] 3.47 6.68% 176 BC[3][4]
Empire of Brazil[a] 8.337[5] 3.22 6.19% 1889[5]
Empire of Japan 7.4[6]–8.51 2.86–3.285[7] 5.49%–6.32% 1942[6][7]
Iberian Union 7.1[2] 2.74 5.27% 1640[2]
Eastern Han dynasty 6.5[4] 2.51 4.82% 100[4]
Ming dynasty 6.5[2][3] 2.51 4.82% 1450[2][3]
Rashidun Caliphate 6.4[2] 2.47 4.75% 655[2]
First Turkic Khaganate 6.0[3][4] 2.32 4.45% 557[3][4]
Golden Horde Khanate 6.0[2][3] 2.32 4.45% 1310[2][3]
Western Han dynasty 6.0[3][4] 2.32 4.45% 50 BC[3][4]
Achaemenid Empire 5.5[3][4] 2.12 4.08% 500 BC[3][4]
Second Portuguese Empire[a] 5.5[2] 2.12 4.08% 1820[2]
Tang dynasty 5.4[2][3] 2.08 4.01% 715[2][3]
Macedonian Empire 5.2[3][4] 2.01 3.86% 323 BC[3][4]
Ottoman Empire 5.2[2][3] 2.01 3.86% 1683[2][3]
Northern Yuan dynasty 5.0[2] 1.93 3.71% 1368[2]
Roman Empire 5.0[3][4] 1.93 3.71% 117[3][4]
Xin dynasty 4.7[4] 1.81 3.49% 10[4]
Tibetan Empire 4.6[2][3] 1.78 3.41% 800[2][3]
Xianbei state 4.5[8] 1.74 3.34% 200[8]
First Mexican Empire 4.429[9] 1.71 3.29% 1821[9]
Timurid Empire 4.4[2][3] 1.70 3.27% 1405[2][3]
Fatimid Caliphate 4.1[2][3] 1.58 3.04% 969[2][3]
Eastern Turkic Khaganate 4.0[4] 1.54 2.97% 624[4]
Hunnic Empire 4.0[3][4] 1.54 2.97% 441[3][4]
Mughal Empire 4.0[2][3] 1.54 2.97% 1690[2][3]
Great Seljuq Empire 3.9[2][3] 1.51 2.89% 1080[2][3]
Seleucid Empire 3.9[3][4] 1.51 2.89% 301 BC[3][4]
Italian Empire 3.825[10] 1.48 2.84% 1941[10]
Ilkhanate 3.75[2][3] 1.45 2.78% 1310[2][3]
Dzungar Khanate 3.6[8] 1.39 2.67% 1650[8]
Chagatai Khanate 3.5[2][3] 1.35 2.60% 1310[2] or 1350[2][3]
Sasanian Empire 3.5[3][4] 1.35 2.60% 550[3][4]
Western Turkic Khaganate 3.5[4] 1.35 2.60% 630[4]
Western Xiongnu 3.5[4] 1.35 2.60% 20[4]
First French colonial empire 3.4[2] 1.31 2.52% 1670[2]
Ghaznavid Empire 3.4[2][3] 1.31 2.52% 1029[2][3]
Maurya Empire 3.4[4]–5.0[3] 1.31–1.93 2.52%–3.71% 261 BC[4] or 250 BC[3]
Delhi Sultanate 3.2[2][3] 1.24 2.37% 1312[2][3]
German colonial empire 3.147 1.215[11] 2.34% 1911[11]
Northern Song dynasty 3.1[2][3] 1.20 2.30% 980[2][3]
Uyghur Khaganate 3.1[2][3] 1.20 2.30% 800[2][3]
Western Jin dynasty 3.1[4] 1.20 2.30% 280[4]
Danish Empire 3.0[12] 1.16 2.23% 1700[12]
Sui dynasty 3.0[4] 1.16 2.23% 589[4]
Safavid empire 2.9[8] 1.12 2.15% 1630[8]
Samanid Empire 2.85[2][3] 1.10 2.12% 928[2][3]
Eastern Jin dynasty 2.8[4] 1.08 2.08% 347[4]
Median Empire[b] 2.8[3][4] 1.08 2.08% 585 BC[3][4]
Parthian Empire 2.8[3][4] 1.08 2.08% 0[3][4]
Rouran Khaganate 2.8[3][4] 1.08 2.08% 405[3][4]
Byzantine Empire 2.7[3]–2.8[4] 1.04–1.08 2.00%–2.08% 555[3] or 450[4]
Indo-Scythian Kingdom 2.6[4] 1.00 1.93% 20[4]
Liao dynasty 2.6[2][3] 1.00 1.93% 947[2][3]
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2.5[4] 0.97 1.86% 184 BC[4]
Later Zhao 2.5[4] 0.97 1.86% 329[4]
Maratha Empire 2.5[3] 0.97 1.86% 1760[3]
Belgian colonial empire 2.366[10]–2.47 0.91–0.95[14] 1.76%–1.83% 1941[10] or 1939[14]
Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 2.3[2][3] 0.89 1.71% 1126[2][3]
Khwarazmian Empire 2.3[3]–3.6[2] 0.89–1.39 1.71%–2.67% 1210[3] or 1218[2]
Qin dynasty 2.3[4] 0.89 1.71% 220 BC[4]
First French Empire 2.1[2] 0.81 1.56% 1813[2]
Kievan Rus' 2.1[2][3] 0.81 1.56% 1000[2][3]
Mamluk Sultanate 2.1[2][3] 0.81 1.56% 1300[2] or 1400[3]
Southern Song dynasty 2.1[2] 0.81 1.56% 1127[2]
Third Portuguese Empire 2.1[2] 0.81 1.56% 1900[2]
Almohad Caliphate 2.0[3]–2.3[2] 0.77–0.89 1.48%–1.71% 1200[3] or 1150[2]
Cao Wei 2.0[4] 0.77 1.48% 263[4]
Former Qin 2.0[4] 0.77 1.48% 376[4]
Former Zhao 2.0[4] 0.77 1.48% 316[4]
Ghurid dynasty 2.0[8] 0.77 1.48% 1200[8]
Inca Empire 2.0[2][3] 0.77 1.48% 1527[2][3]
Kushan Empire 2.0[3]–2.5[4] 0.77–0.97 1.48%–1.86% 200[3][4]
Liu Song dynasty 2.0[4] 0.77 1.48% 450[4]
Northern Wei 2.0[4] 0.77 1.48% 450[4]
Western Roman Empire 2.0[4] 0.77 1.48% 395[4]
Dutch Empire 1.939[10]–2.08–2.1[8] 0.75–0.80[14]–0.81 1.44%–1.54%–1.56% 1941,[10] 1939,[14] or 1938[8]
Ayyubid dynasty 1.7[2]–2.0[3] 0.66–0.77 1.26%–1.48% 1200[2] or 1190[3]
Gupta Empire 1.7[4]–3.5[3] 0.66–1.35 1.26%–2.60% 440[4] or 400[3]
Hephthalite Empire 1.7[15]–4.0[4] 0.66–1.54 1.26%–2.97% 500[15] or 470[4]
Buyid dynasty 1.6[2][3] 0.62 1.19% 980[2][3]
Eastern Wu 1.5[4] 0.58 1.11% 221[4]
Northern Qi 1.5[4] 0.58 1.11% 557[4]
Northern Xiongnu 1.5[4] 0.58 1.11% 60[4]
Northern Zhou 1.5[4] 0.58 1.11% 577[4]
Neo-Assyrian Empire 1.4[3][16] 0.54 1.04% 670 BC[3][16]
Eastern Maurya Empire 1.3[4] 0.50 0.96% 210 BC[4]
Liang dynasty 1.3[3][4] 0.50 0.96% 502,[4] 549,[4] or 579[3]
Qajar Empire 1.29 0.50[17] 0.96% 1873[17]
Kingdom of Aksum 1.25[3] 0.48 0.93% 350[3]
Shang dynasty 1.25[3][16] 0.48 0.93% 1122 BC[3][16]
Francia 1.2[2][3] 0.46 0.89% 814[2][3]
Srivijaya 1.2[3] 0.46 0.89% 1200[3]
Indo-Greek Kingdom 1.1[4] 0.42 0.82% 150 BC[4]
Mali Empire 1.1[2][3] 0.42 0.82% 1380[2][3]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1.1[2][3] 0.42 0.82% 1480[3] or 1650[2]
Almoravid dynasty 1.0[3] 0.39 0.74% 1120[3]
Empire of Harsha 1.0[2][3] 0.39 0.74% 625[2] or 648[2][3]
Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty 1.0[2] 0.39 0.74% 860[2]
Holy Roman Empire 1.0[2] 0.39 0.74% 1050[2]
Khazar Khanate 1.0[2]–3.0[3] 0.39–1.16 0.74%–2.23% 900[2] or 850[3]
Khmer Empire 1.0[2][3] 0.39 0.74% 1290[2][3]
New Kingdom of Egypt 1.0[3][16] 0.39 0.74% 1450 BC[16] or 1300 BC[3]
Ptolemaic Kingdom 1.0[4] 0.39 0.74% 301 BC[4]
Qara Khitai 1.0[2]–1.5[3] 0.39–0.58 0.74%–1.11% 1130[2] or 1210[3]
Scythia 1.0[15] 0.39 0.74% 400 BC[15]
Shu Han 1.0[4] 0.39 0.74% 221[4]
Tahirid dynasty 1.0[2] 0.39 0.74% 800[2]
Western Xia 1.0[3] 0.39 0.74% 1100[3]
Swedish Empire 0.99[18] 0.38 0.73% 1700[18]
Nazi Germany 0.824[10] 0.32 0.61% 1941[10]
Akkadian Empire 0.8[16] 0.31 0.59% 2250 BC[16]
Avar Khaganate 0.8[4] 0.31 0.59% 600[4]
Chu 0.8[4] 0.31 0.59% 300 BC[4]
Huns 0.8[4] 0.31 0.59% 287[4]
Songhai Empire 0.8[2] 0.31 0.59% 1550[2]
Hyksos 0.65[16] 0.25 0.48% 1650 BC[16]
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 0.65[16] 0.25 0.48% 550 BC[16]
Austro-Hungarian Empire 0.62 0.24[19] 0.46% 1905[19]
Caliphate of Córdoba 0.6[2] 0.23 0.45% 1000[2]
First Portuguese Empire 0.6[2] 0.23 0.45% 1580[2]
Visigothic Kingdom 0.6[4] 0.23 0.45% 580[4]
Zhou dynasty 0.55[20] 0.21 0.41% 1100 BC[20]
Emirate of Córdoba 0.5[2] 0.19 0.37% 756[2]
Kosala 0.5[4] 0.19 0.37% 543 BC[4]
Lydia 0.5[16] 0.19 0.37% 585 BC[16]
Magadha 0.5[4] 0.19 0.37% 510 BC[4]
Middle Kingdom of Egypt 0.5[16] 0.19 0.37% 1850 BC[16]
Neo-Babylonian Empire 0.5[16] 0.19 0.37% 562 BC[16]
Satavahana dynasty 0.5[4] 0.19 0.37% 150[4]
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 0.5[16] 0.19 0.37% 715 BC[16]
Western Satraps 0.5[4] 0.19 0.37% 100[4]
New Hittite Kingdom 0.45[16] 0.17 0.33% 1250 BC–1220 BC[16]
Xia dynasty 0.45[16] 0.17 0.33% 1800 BC[16]
Kingdom of France (Middle Ages) 0.4[2] 0.15 0.30% 1250[2]
Middle Assyrian Empire 0.4[16] 0.15 0.30% 1080 BC[16]
Old Kingdom of Egypt 0.4[16] 0.15 0.30% 2400 BC[16]
Sokoto Caliphate 0.4[21] 0.15 0.30% 1804[21]
Ancient Carthage 0.3[4] 0.12 0.22% 220 BC[4]
Indus Valley Civilisation 0.3[20] 0.12 0.22% 1800 BC[20]
Mitanni 0.3[16] 0.12 0.22% 1450 BC–1375 BC[16]
First Babylonian Empire 0.25[16] 0.10 0.19% 1690 BC[16]
Aztec Empire 0.22[2] 0.08 0.16% 1520[2]
Zulu Empire 0.21 0.08[22] 0.16% 1822[22]
Elamite Empire 0.2[16] 0.08 0.15% 1160 BC[16]
Phrygia 0.2[16] 0.08 0.15% 750 BC[16]
Second Dynasty of Isin 0.2[16] 0.08 0.15% 1130 BC[16]
Urartu 0.2[16] 0.08 0.15% 800 BC[16]
Middle Hittite Kingdom 0.15[16] 0.06 0.11% 1450 BC[16]
Old Assyrian Empire 0.15[16] 0.06 0.11% 1730 BC[16]
Old Hittite Empire 0.15[16] 0.06 0.11% 1530 BC[16]
Larsa 0.1[16] 0.04 0.07% 1750 BC–1700 BC[16]
Neo-Sumerian Empire 0.1[16] 0.04 0.07% 2000 BC[16]
Tarascan empire 0.075[23] 0.03 0.06% 1450[23]
Lagash 0.05[20] 0.02 0.04% 2400 BC[20]
Sumer 0.05[16] 0.02 0.04% 2400 BC[16]
  1. ^ a b The reason the Empire of Brazil is listed as having a larger area in 1889 than the Portuguese Empire had in 1820, despite Brazil having been a Portuguese colony, is that the Portuguese settlers only had effective control over approximately half of Brazil at the time of Brazilian independence in 1822.[2]
  2. ^ More recent reassessment of the historical evidence, both archaeological and textual, has led modern scholars to question previous notions of the extent of the realm of the Medes and even its existence as a unified state.[13]
Atomic bombings of Snake Island and Nile River
Part of the Human–wildlife conflict and War on Terror
Two aerial photos of atomic bomb mushroom clouds, over two reptiles clusters in 2020
Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Snake Island (left) and Nile River (right)
DateMay 26 and May 29, 2020
Location
Snake Island, Brazil and Nile River, Egypt
Result
Belligerents
 Myanmar
World Health Organisation:
United Nations
Singapore Singapore		 Terrorists and Man-eaters
Commanders and leaders
Myanmar Nyi Yan Moe Htet Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Tatiana the tiger
Ayman al-Zawahiri
Units involved
20,000 exonerees warriors
Innocence Project		 1,000,000 Nile Crocodile, Terrorism, Reptiles and Man-eating animals
Casualties and losses
0
Snake Island:
  • 370,000–426,000 snakes killed
Nile River:
  • At least 800,000-856,000 crocodiles, alligators, reptiles and wildlife killed
Total species of animals killed:
  • 1,170,000–1,226,000

April 2021[edit]

Hello, I'm GorillaWarfare. I noticed that you made a change to an article, Anti-Indian sentiment, but you didn't provide a source. I’ve removed it for now, but if you’d like to include a citation to a reliable source and re-add it, please do so! If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. GorillaWarfare (talk) 01:15, 10 April 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Information icon Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Myint Swe's Cabinet. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. ― Tartan357 Talk 16:05, 18 April 2021 (UTC)[reply]

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  1. ^ Magdoff, Harry (1979). Imperialism: From the Colonial Age to the Present. NYU Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-85345-498-4. Archived from the original on 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2020-07-19. [I]n 1800 Europe and its possessions, including former colonies, claimed title to about 55 percent of the earth's land surface: Europe, North and South America, most of India, and small sections along the coast of Africa. But much of this was merely claimed; effective control existed over a little less than 35 percent, most of which consisted of Europe itself. By 1878—that is, before the next major wave of European acquisitions began—an additional 6,500,000 square miles (16,800,000 square kilometers) were claimed; during this period, control was consolidated over the new claims and over all the territory claimed in 1800. Hence, from 1800 until 1878, actual European rule (including former colonies in North and South America), increased from 35 to 67 percent of the earth's land surface.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 492–502. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222–223. ISSN 1076-156X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121–122, 124–129, 132–133. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
  5. ^ a b "Área Territorial Brasileira". www.ibge.gov.br (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016. A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8.337.218 km2 foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil, publicada em 1883. [The first official estimate of the surface area of the Brazilian territory dates from 1889. A value of 8,337,218 km2 was obtained from measurements and calculations made on drafts of the Map of the Empire of Brazil, published in 1883.]
  6. ^ a b Conrad, Sebastian (2014). "The Dialectics of Remembrance: Memories of Empire in Cold War Japan" (PDF). Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (1): 8. doi:10.1017/S0010417513000601. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 43908281. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2020-07-07. In 1942, at the moment of its greatest extension, the empire encompassed territories spanning over 7,400,000 square kilometers.
  7. ^ a b James, David H. (2010-11-01). The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire. Routledge. ISBN 9781136925467. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2018. by 1942, this 'Empire' covered about 3,285,000 square miles
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020-12-02). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
  9. ^ a b Rodríguez, Jaime; Vincent, Kathryn (1997). "The Colonization and Loss of Texas: A Mexican Perspective". Myths, Misdeeds and Misunderstandings: The Roots of Conflict in US-Mexican Relations (First ed.). Wilmington, DE, USA: Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 47. ISBN 0-8420-2662-2. Archived from the original on 2020-06-15. Retrieved 14 May 2020. When it was founded in 1821, the Mexican Empire extended over 4,429,000 km2 (not including the 445,683 km2 temporarily added by the short-lived union of the Central American provinces).
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Soldaten-Atlas (Tornisterschrift des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, Heft 39). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut. 1941. pp. 8, 32.
  11. ^ a b "Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 11, Slice 7, "Geoponici" to "Germany (part)"". www.gutenberg.org. 1911. Retrieved 2020-05-25. Area English Sq. m. [...] German Empire: 208,780
    [...]
    Area (estimated) sq. m. [...] Total dependencies: 1,006,412
  12. ^ a b Korchmina, Elena; Sharp, Paul (June 2020). "Denmark and Russia: What can we learn from the historical comparison of two great Arctic agricultural empires?" (PDF). European Historical Economics Society. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2020-07-04. Around 1700, the Danish Empire covered around 3 million square kilometers
  13. ^ Waters, Matthew (2005). Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Roaf, Michael; Rollinger, Robert (eds.). "Media and Its Discontents". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 125 (4): 517–533. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 20064424.
  14. ^ a b c d Townsend, Mary Evelyn; Peake, Cyrus Henderson (1941). European Colonial Expansion Since 1871. J.B. Lippincott. p. 19. Archived from the original on 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2020-07-19.
  15. ^ a b c d Turchin, Peter (2009). "A theory for formation of large empires" (PDF). Journal of Global History. 4 (2): 202. doi:10.1017/S174002280900312X. ISSN 1740-0228. S2CID 73597670. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Cite error: The named reference Taagepera1978 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ a b Hughes, William (1873). A Class-book of Modern Geography: With Examination Questions. G. Philip & Son. p. 175. Archived from the original on 2020-08-26. Retrieved 2020-08-26. In size it is about 500,000 square miles
  18. ^ a b Sundberg, Ulf (2018). Swedish defensive fortress warfare in the Great Northern War 1702-1710 (PDF). Åbo: Åbo Akademis förlag. p. 26. ISBN 978-951-765-897-3. OCLC 1113941754. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-03. In 1700, the Swedish Empire covered a land area of 990,000 square kilometers and had 2,500,000 inhabitants.
  19. ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Austria, Lower" to "Bacon" Volume 3, Part 1, Slice 1. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019. It occupies about the sixteenth part of the total area of Europe, with an area (1905) of 239,977 sq. m.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Taagepera, Rein (1978). "Size and duration of empires: Systematics of size" (PDF). Social Science Research. 7 (2): 116–117. doi:10.1016/0049-089X(78)90007-8. ISSN 0049-089X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-07. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  21. ^ a b Wesseling, H. L. (2015-10-23). The European Colonial Empires: 1815-1919. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-317-89507-7. Archived from the original on 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2020-07-03. Islam spread quickly in Hausaland, which, after the jihad of 1804, was incorporated into the Sokoto Caliphate, a vast empire of 400,000 square kilometres.
  22. ^ a b Gluckman, Max (1960). "The Rise of a Zulu Empire". Scientific American. 202 (4): 162. Bibcode:1960SciAm.202d.157G. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24940454. Retrieved 2020-07-07. By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles
  23. ^ a b Blanford, Adam Jared (2014). "Rethinking Tarascan Political and Spatial Organization" (PDF). Anthropology Graduate Theses & Dissertations. University of Colorado Boulder: 6. S2CID 147339315. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2020-07-03. By A.D. 1450, the Tarascan Uacúsecha were leaders of an empire that spanned 75,000 square kilometers of west Mexico
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